Physics: Thermodynamics - KAPLAN/MCAT in a box
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| Calorie | A unit of heat (C) that equals 10^3 calories (c) or 4,184 Joules.
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| Conduction | Form of heat transfer where heat energy is directly transferred between molecules through molecular collisions or direct contact.
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| Convection | Form of heat transfer applying only to fluids (liquids and gases) where heated material transfers energy by bulk flow and physical motion.
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | The change in internal energy of a system (ΔU) is equal to the heat (Q) transferred into the system minus the energy lost by the system when it performs work (W). ΔU = Q - W.
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| Heat of Fusion | The heat of transformation corresponding to a phase change from either solid to liquid or liquid to solid.
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| Heat of Transformation | The amount of heat required to change the phase of a substance, calculated by the equation q = mL, where q is heat, m is the mass of the substance, and L is the heat of transformation for that substance.
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| Heat of Vaporization | The heat of transformation corresponding to a phase change from liquid to gas or from gas to liquid.
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| Kelvin | The most commonly used temperature scale (SI units) that ranges up from absolute zero. T[K] = T[C] + 273.
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| Pressure | The force per unit area: F/A.
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| Radiation | Form of heat transfer accomplished by electromagnetic waves, which can travel through a vacuum.
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | When a thermodynamic process moves a system from one state of equilibrium to another, the entropy (S) of that system combined with that of its surroundings will either increase (irreversible processes) or remain unchanged (reversible processes).
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| Temperature | A measure of the heat content that a body possesses, measured on the Kelvin, Celsius, or Fahrenheit scale.
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| Thermal Expansion | The expansion of a solid as a result of increasing temperatures, calculated by the equation ΔL = αLΔT, where L is the length, α is the coefficient of linear expansion, and T is the temperature.
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| Thermodynamics | The study of heat transfer and its effects.
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| Volume Expansion | The expansion in volume of a liquid as a result of increasing temperatures, calculated by the equation ΔV = βVΔT, where V is volume and β is the coefficient of volume expansion.
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