APUSH Unit 1 Test Review
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| Where did the Native Americans come from? | Siberia over the land bridge into Alaska
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| When did the Native Americans come to America? | During the last Ice Age 12,000-35,000 years ago in waves of migration
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| Why did the Native Americans come to America? | They were hunter-gatherers in search of food
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| Where did the term "Indians" come from? | Columbus thought he was in The Indies, and NEVER realized he wasn't in The Indies
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| Who was the first to claim America as "The New World"? | German mapmaker, Amerigo Vespucci
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| How many Indians lived in the US? | 3-10 million
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| How many Indians lived in the Mexico and Central America? | 20-30 million
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| How many Indians lived in South America? | 30-40 million
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| How many Indians lived in the New World? | 50-75 million, SAME AS EUROPE!
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| What was the myth of the "virgin land"? | The fact that America was lightly populated when the Europeans came
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| Why were the civilizations of Americas considered primitive? | No horses and guns, wheel, iron (used silver and gold), had human sacrifice
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| What were the Olmec known for? | Began the agricultural revolution in 1500 BC
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| What were the Maya known for? | They were astronomers, mathematicians, had a calendar, had glyphs
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| What were the Toltec known for? | First civilization, Teotihuacan
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| What were the Aztecs known for? | Irrigation system, Tenochtitlan, conquered by Cortes in 1519, had population of 300,000 (MORE THAN EUROPEAN CITY)
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| What were the Inca known for? | Elaborate system of roads
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| Why were the Indians considered less advanced than the civilizations in America? | No form of writing, no large empires/cities, always involved in wars
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| What was life like for the NW Indians? | Fishing, wealthy, stratified social structure
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| What was life like for the Seed Gatherers? | Gathering
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| What was life like for the Southwest Indians? | Agriculture, trade
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| What was life like for the Plains Indians? | Nomadic (buffalo)
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| What was life like for the Eastern Woodland Indians? | Hunting (mobile), agriculture (CBS)
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| What was life like for the Southeast Indians? | Hunting, agriculture
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| What characteristics did the Indians share? | Tribalism, concept of nature & man's relationship with it, land ownership, less advanced materially
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| What have been the 2 dominant stereotypes of the Native Americans? | Savages, noble savages
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| What are two unique characteristics about the Iroquois? | Matriarchal, politically organized (Confederacy)
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| Who started the Iroquois Confederacy? | Hiawatha
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| What did America exchange with Europe? | Food (potato, corn) & silver, gold
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| What was the effect of exporting food to Europe? | Dramatic population increase
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| What was the effect of exporting silver & gold to Europe? | Inflation, Spain becomes the greatest power, Commercial Revolution (capitalism)
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| What did Europe exchange with America? | Diseases (small pox, influenza, measles, malaria), new animals (horses, cattle, pigs, sheep), new technology/goods (guns, metal, alcohol, cloth)
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| What was the effect of diseases in America? | Killed off 90% of the Indians
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| Nez Pearce | Seed Gatherer
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| Chinook | Northwest
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| Shoshone | Seed Gatherer
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| Yurok | Northwest
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| Yakuts | Seed Gatherers
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| Chumash | Seed Gatherers
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| Ute | Southwest
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| Navajo | Southwest
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| Hopi | Southwest
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| Apache | Southwest
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| Pueblo | Southwest
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| Hopi | Southwest
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| Zuni | Southwest
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| Blackfoot | Plains
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| Crow | Plains
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| Araphaho | Plains
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| Sioux | Plains
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| Cheyenne | Plains
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| Shawnee | Plains
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| Kiowa | Plains
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| Comanche | Plains
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| Winnebago | Eastern Woodlands
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| Chippewa | Eastern Woodlands
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| Ottawa | Eastern Woodlands
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| Huron | Eastern Woodlands
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| Iroquois | Eastern Woodlands
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| Choctaw | Southeast
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| Cherokee | Southeast
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| Creek | Southeast
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| Seminole | Southeast
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| What was the Reformation? | Questioning of the Catholic Church
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| Who questioned the Catholic Church? | Germany: Martin Luther & Protestantism
Switzerland: John Calvin & Calvinism
England: Henry VIII & the Anglican Church
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| What was the political status of Europe in 1492? | Spain's Isabella and Ferdinand, centralization of power
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| What was the socio-economic status of Europe in 1492? | Decline of feudalism, birth of the middle class (merchants, artisans)
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| What was the Renaissance? | Rediscovered classical learning, Age of Reason, adventure & curiosity, inventions for sailing
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| What were the 3G's for exploration? | Gold, god, glory
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| What was the religious status of England during this time? | Anglican Church & Catholicism (back and forth), Puritans
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| Who were the Puritans? | Wanted to purify the Anglican Church
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| Who were the two houses that governed England during this time? | Tudors and the Stuarts
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| Who was a part of the Tudors and what religion did they implement? | Henry VII (C)
Henry VIII (E)
Edward VI (E)
Mary (C)
Elizabeth I (E)
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| Who was a part of the Stuarts and what religion did they implement? | James I (E)
Charles I (E)
Charles II (E)
James II (C)
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| What is Charles I known for? | Dissolving Parliament, Puritan Revolution
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| What is Charles II known for? | Restoring England's independence, kicking out the Catholics, giving joint stock companies power over the colonies
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| What is James II known for? | Allowed Catholics into Parliament, constitutional monarchy, Glorious Revolution - William and Mary
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| What is Oliver Cromwell known for? | Interregnum - England ruled by common man & NOT the monarchy
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| What was the socio-economic status of England during this time? | Rise of middle class, enclosure movement
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| What was the enclosure movement? | Government took away land from farmers
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| What was the cultural status of England at this time? | Renaissance (Shakespeare & Sir Francis Drake)
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| What was an encomienda? | Grant to the conquistadors for land only if they try to Christianize the Indians
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| Who was Bartólome de Las Casas? | Priest of the Caribbean who converted Indians there
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| What were the two kinds of Spanish settlement? | Presidio and mission
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| How were the Spanish colonies governed? | Centralized rule from Spain through a governor
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| What was the class structure within the Spanish colonies? | 1. Peninsulares (Europeans)
2. Creoles (Spanish born in America)
3. Artisans
4. Mestizos (Euro-Indian mix)
5. Mulattos
6. Slaves
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| Who dominated the society and economy in the Spanish colonies? | Peninsulares & Creoles (aristocratic)
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| What was the French motivation for settlement? | Fur trade in America and sugar in the West Indies
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| Where were the French colonies located? | Louisiana, Canada, West Indies
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| Why was Canada and Louisiana lightly populated? | Extreme weather, must be Catholic, little freedom
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| Who were the couer de bois? | Fur traders
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| When was the French and Indian war? | 1756
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| What was the Dutch's motivation for settlement? | Fur trade & rivalry with England
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| What happened when the Dutch was conquered by England? | New Netherlands renamed New York
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| What is mercantilism? | Then need to export more than import, BENEFITS THE MOTHER COUNTRY, goal was to keep money within British Empire
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| What were the first two colonies in Virginia? | Jamestown and Roanoke
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| How did John Smith save Jamestown? | Established marshal law - no work, no eat
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| Why was Jamestown such a fail? | Located near a swamp - diseases, water contamination ==> DEATH
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| Who helped the colonists in Jamestown? | Powhatan and Pocahontas
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| What did John Rolfe do for Virginia? | Began the tobacco craze
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| Why were there labor problems in Virginia? | Headlight system & indentured servitude - Bacon's Rebellion
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| What is the American Paradox? | 1619 - first African slaves sold & establishment of the House of Burgesses
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| What were the conditions to be a member of the House of Burgesses? | 1. White
2. Male
3. Over 30
4. Own land
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| What the sole condition for not being eligible for slavery? | If a person was Catholic
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| What was the political status of the Virginia colony? | Royal governor appointed by the king, House of Burgesses
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| What was the structure of the House of Burgesses? | Upper house: governor's council
Lower house: colonists elect
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| What was the economic status of the Virginia colony? | Dominated by tobacco
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| How were the settlements in Virginia set up? | Spread out in rural areas
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| What was the religious status in the Virginia colony? | Anglican church
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| What was the mortality rate in the Virginia colony? | 42 years, 50% die before age of 20
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| What was the sex ratio in the Virginia colony? | 6:1/4:1 - lots more men!
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| What were the three types of colonies? | Royal, proprietary, self-governing
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| What was a royal colony? | King appoints a governor
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| How many royal colonies were there? | Eight
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| Which were the proprietary colonies? | Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware
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| What was a proprietary colony? | People who own land choose the governor
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| Which were the self-governing colonies? | Rhode Island and Connecticut
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| What was a self-governing colony? | colonists elect their own governor
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| What were the 3 levels of colonial government? | King in Parliament & Board of Trade
royal governor
colonial assembly
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| What was the period of "benign neglect"? | laws existed but the government didn't do anything about it
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| What power did the royal governor have in the 13 colonies? | veto and appointment of power
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| How was the colonial assembly in the 13 colonies structured? | upper house: governor's council
lower house: assembly (elected by colonists)
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| Who must taxes be approved by before they go into effect? | lower house
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| What were the Navigation Acts? | implement mercantilism, goods can only be shipped on British ships, enumerated items (tobacco, rice, furs, sugar) could only be sold within the British Empire, others would have a pay a tax at British port
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| What was the economy of the New England Colonies? | trade, fishing
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| What came about as a result of the Navigation Acts? | smuggling
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| What was the economy of the middle colonies? | "breadbasket" (wheat, corn)
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| What was the economy of the South? | staple crops (rice, indigo, tobacco), slavery
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| What percentage of white Americans are farmers? | 90%-95%
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| What was the status of the population in 1750? | rapidly growing - doubling every 20 years, majority of the population is between 16-21
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| Who immigrated to America during this time? | Scotch Irish & Germans
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| What were the families like during this time? | large, patriarchal
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| What was the 18th Century Enlightenment? | idea of natural laws & reason
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| Who was the best example of Enlightenment in the American colonies? | Benjamin Franklin
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| What was the Great Awakening? | reaction against rationalism of the Enlightenment, emphasizes emotion over reason
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| Who were involved in the Great Awakening? | Johnathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God)
George Whitefield
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| Who were the supporters/opponents of the Great Awakening called? | New/Old Lights (supporters of Calvinism)
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| What was the result of the Great Awakening? | united the colonists, common folk challenges authority (Bacon's Rebellion, NY slave revolt)
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| What did America look like in 1689? | Spanish, French, British
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| What did America look like in 1763? | Spanish, British
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| What was the triangular trade route between Africa, New World, and Old World? | to Africa: rum
to New World: slaves
to Old World: sugar, molasses
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| What was the triangular trade route between West Indies, America, and Europe? | to West Indies: grain, lumber, fish
to Europe: sugar, molasses
to New World: goods
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| Which were a part of the New England colonies? | Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New Hampshire
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| Which were a part of the Middle Colonies? | Pennsylvania
New York
Delaware
New Jersey
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| Which were a part of the Southern colonies? | Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
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| What was the difference in population between the English and the French? | England had a larger population and was more concentrated in one area whereas the French had lesser people and were scattered over a large area
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| What was the difference between the economy of the English and the French? | The English were concerned with agriculture and were firmly established and largely self-sufficient whereas the French depended on Europe, were into fur trading and didn't establish permanent settlements.
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| What was the difference between the government of the English and the French? | Each of the 13 colonies were a separate governmental unit, authority was divided between the English and the colonists, and they had trouble uniting whereas the French was centralized and the king had complete authority
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| How did the English and the French deal with the Indians differently? | the English had poor relations with the Indians whereas the French were became friendly with them
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| New Mexico in 1690s, Pope led the largest Indian revolt against European domination - Spanish eventually subdued the revolt | Pope's Rebellion
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| in his Pennsylvania Gazette, he warned his fellow colonists that they must "Join or Die" | Benjamin Franklin
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| founded Georgia as a haven for debtors | James Oglethorpe
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| punished by exile for advocating separation of church and state in Massachusetts Bay; founded Rhode Island | Roger Williams
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| leader of the rebellion against Gov. Berkeley | Nathaniel Bacon
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| English monarch when Carolinas, PA, NY, and CT were founded | Charles II
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| rebellion was mainly supported by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land | Bacon's Rebellion
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| headed the Dominion of New England | Edmund Andros
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| leader of the Great Awakening | Jonathan Edwards
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| punished by exile for challenging the authority of leading Puritan clergymen in Massachusetts Bay | Anne Hutchinson
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| supposedly saved Capt. John Smith's life | Pocahontas
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| Protestant rulers of the Netherlands involved with the Glorious Revolution | William and Mary
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| Indian chieftain, shot and beheaded for leading an uprising against whites in New England (Pequot Wars) | King Philip
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| last of the Aztec emperors of Mexico | Montezuma
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| owned 5 million acres in VA; one of the few landlords who lived on his property | Thomas Fairfax
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| Pope divided Latin America between Spain and Portugal | Treaty or Tordesillas
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| British general who rebuilt the abandoned French forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the French and Indian War; captured Montreal | Jeffrey Amherst
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| a type of primitive corporation, used to fund Jamestown | joint-stock company
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| Congregational minister; led a group of ministers to oppose the Salem Witch Trials as convicting people on dubious evidence | Cotton Mather
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| What is unique about Massachusetts Bay? | founded by Puritans, religious freedom
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| What is unique about Connecticut? | founded by Thomas Hooker, religious/political freedom, Fundamental Orders (basis of our gvt)
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| What is unique about Rhode Island? | founded by Roger Williams, religious toleration, separation of church/state, place for dissenters
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| What is unique about Virginia? | House of Burgesses
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| What is unique about Maryland? | Catholic, religious/political freedom (except Jews & atheists)
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| What is unique about NC? | based on tobacco
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| What is unique about SC? | based on rice and indigo
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| What is unique about Georgia? | haven for debtors, buffer colony
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| What are the three levels of Virginia's government? | British Empire/Parliament
colonial level
local level
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| What did the British Parliament consist of? | House of Commons (elected by landowners)
House of Lords (hereditary noblemen)
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| What was unique about the colonial level of Virginia's government? | governor (appointed by King)
House of Burgesses
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| What was unique about the local level of Virginia's government? | county court (sheriff & constable)
JP's selected by governor - perform executive, legislative, judicial functions
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