Adaptability of the Nervous System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What mechanism that allows continual learning but also prevents perfect performance? | Microvariations/error
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| How do we learn a new movement | Use idea of movement, previous experience, reflexes
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| Where are motor reflexes produced? | In the central pattern generator
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| What are the four strategies to teaching a new/recovering a movement? | Simplify the task into parts
Go slow/optimum speed
Co-contract the antagonist to stabilize
Limit variables/stimulus (clutter)
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| What are the 5 main types of glia, and their function? | Astrocyte-regulates the extra cellular space and nursemaid to the neuron
Swan/Oligodendroyte-form myelin
Microglia-consume dead tissue and foreign material
Ependymal glia-line ventricles and the central canal
Satellite/guide cell- growth cues
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| What are the 5 lobes of the brain? | occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal, limbic
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| What are the 3 types of task practice, what kinds of activities are they good for training? | 1.Whole training-the entire movement (continual tasks)
2.Progressive training/partial- serial tasks
3.Whole/partial training-continual tasks with discrete components
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| What function does the brainstem serve? | The relay of info to the brain, regulation of vital functions like breathing, conciousness, and body temp
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| What are the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord responsible for? | Ventral action, Dorsal sensation
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| What is the frontal lobe for? | higher cognitive function, attention, voluntary movement, planning, decision making
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| What are the four areas of the frontal lobe? | The prefrontal cortex, Orbitofrontal cortex, Motor and Pre-motor cortex, Brocca's area
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| What is the temporal lobe concerned with? | Hearing and the integration of sensory information
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| What is the parietal lobe concerned with? | The sensation of touch, pressure, and pain
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| What is the medula oblangata concerned with? | vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
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| What does the pons do? | Relays info between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
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| What are the two types of training scheduals? What are they good for? | Mass practice-drill, back to back (good for one session, discrete skills)
Distributed-Drill followed by reflection
Good for complex/continuous activities
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| What is the limbic lobe responsible for? | Sexual and emotional behavior
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| How do we train multiple skills, which is better? | Block training, one activity at a time
Random taining, different following activities
Random is better, requires attention and concentration
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| What is the thalamus responsible for? | Sensory gateway to the rest of the brain
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| What is the hypothalamus responsible for? | It controls the visceral nervous system(organ and glandular), appetite, temperature thirst and the pituitary
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| What is the pineal gland responsible for? | The biological clock
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| Why can "kissing it better" or "rubbing it" make it better? | The pain gate theory: A sensory A Beta neuron stimulates an inhibitory pain interneuron
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| What are the parts of the upper brainstem? | thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
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| What are the 4 parts of the Lower brain stem? | The pons, the medulla, the cerebellum, the spinal cord
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| What are the two general principles of motor learning? | Error is necessary for learning
We have an inherent need for self correction
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| What are the 7 key principles to Neuro placticity? | 1.ACTIVE engagement
2.Contol is Distributed
3.Entire neuron and circuit adapts
4.Co-activity is essential
5.Optimum processing time
6.Learning is competitive
7.Skills are structural
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| What distributed areas are responsible for motor activity? | The premotor cortex, supplemental motor area, basil ganglia, and cerebellum
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| How many cranial and spinal nerves are their? | There are 12 pairs,31 pairs
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| What is the power law of practice? | The more you practice the more you learn, repetition causes longterm changes
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| What is learned non-use? What is a way to prevent it? | Weakness causes a cycle of lack of use and weakness. Force them to use via contraint
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| What are the two types of therapy? | Deliberate-most relevant movements
Unstructured-real world unguided
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| Describe the two types of synapse? | Gap junction-direct cell to cell (rare) Chemical synapse-across a synapse with neurotransmitters
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| What produces myalin? | Swann cells in the peripheral nervous system Oligodendrocites in the central nervous system
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| What 4 internal factors influence learning? | Motivation-to keep trying
Attention-input specificity & cooperativity
Arousal-optimum amount
Memory-good & bad experiences
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| What effect does MS have on the nervous system? | The oligodendrocites die, myelin degenerates, action potentials stop, the cell redistributes ion channels, the signal slows, the cell dies
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| What 5 external factors effect learning? | Enviromental context,
The Task itself
Type of reinforcer
Practice schedual
Type of practice
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| Mental rehersal is good for what kinds of activities? | Planning activities that have been done before
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| What are the steps to neurotransmitter release? | Action potential, calcium influx causes vessicles to releases neurotransmitter
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| What does a neurotransmitter do? | Open channels on the post synaptic side for ions to enter
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| What determines if a neuron will achieve the threashold for an action potential | The sum integration of all inhibitory and excitatory signals at the axon hillock
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| What are the two forms of excitatory and inhibitory summation? | Spactial summation-all together at the same time
Temporal summatation-frequency on stimuli build
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| What are the three types of ion channels? | Ligand channels-chemical
Voltage channels
G-protein- neurotransmitter causes distant channel to remain open. (changes cell structure)
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| What are the three main types of neurotransmitters? | Amino acid
Amine
Peptide
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| What are three amino acid neurotransmitters? | Glutamate (MOST ABUNDANT), Glycine, GABA
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| What are two common amine neurotrasmitters? | Dopamine
Seratonin
Norepinepherine
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| The main excitatory neurotransmitter and inhibitory neurotransmitter in pain pathway are what? | Glycine-inhibitory
Glutamate-excitatory
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| Neuron can modulate the activity of other neurons. Changing the properties, structures or function of neurons is called what? | Placticity
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| Changing the behavior of a single neuron can cause a cascade of changes that ultimately may what? | Lead to observable changes in the organism
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| How does a neuron respond to increased receptor use/modulate gene expression? | Make the receptor more receptive
Increase the number of receptors
Change structure by increasing surface area
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| When a neuron is no longer recieving input from a primary input what may occure? | 1. Unmasking-minor inputs exaggerate
2. Dendritic pruning of unused dendrites
3. Collateral sprouting recieving new input from another axon
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| What is the main mechanism for change in the brain? | The growth of collaterals
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| What does collateral sprouting depend on? | Increased activity, and vacancy
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| What three areas in the brain experience neurogenisis? | The hypocampus-memory
The subventricular zone-nose
Somewhat in the cortex
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| What are the three steps to neurogenisis? | Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation
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| What three cells can be created from a neural stem cell and what is most likely? | Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes- most likely
Neurons
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| Why is stem cell introduction into an adult brain perhaps unwise? | Trouble synching with what's there
Abnormal connections
Differentiate mostly into astrocytes
Can cause cancers and neuromas
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| What is the key component to motor learning? | Feedback eg. Error detection
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| In order to be effective Feedback must be what? | Relevant to the task, and properly timed
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| What type of feedback is best; hand over hand guidence, verbal or self? | The best long term generalizabiliy comes from self problem solving alone
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| How should hand-over-hand guidence be used? | Only a little given when they are 90% accurate
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| What is state dependent learning? | The enviroment effects the ability to do a task
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| How are dendrites related to axonal collateralization? | Dendrites release neurotropins which can only be taken up by an axon that is experiencing action potentials
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| What part of a neuron is activity dependent? | Collateralization, Dendritic growth, number and activity of receptors, in summary the entire neuron
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| The growing end of an axon is called what? | The growth cone or Philopodia
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| Growth over long distances may be encouraged or discouraged by what? | Guiding cells
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| Neurotropins may have what effect? | Attract some neurons and repel others
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| What are 4 common guidence molecules? | Netrin attract
Slit attract/repel
Ephrin repel
Semaphorin repel
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| What happens to neurons that have been damaged? | Wallarian degeneration-the damaged axon is consumed
Chromatolysis-the neuron is reorganized
Retrograde degeneration-The presynapic neuron may retract-lack of use
Andrograde degeneration-the Post synaptic neuron may die
Transneural-nearby cells may be
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| How are emotions and cognition tied to plasticity/reward? | Behaviors & thoughts processes that are rewarded undergo neural structural changes
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| What is hemoragic necrosis? | Secondary CNS injury due to Inflamation
and immuno Cytokines
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| What is ischemia? | A lack of oxygen to tissue
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| What is transneuronal degeneration? | The secondary injury of nearby neurons to an injury site
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| What are the steps of transneuronal degeneration? | A glial scar forms, followed by demylination of surrounding neurons
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| What is the function of a glial scar? | A mechanical barrier separating damaged tissue and preventing neuronal growth
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| What chemical inhibitors are released by Glial scars? | CSPG, Semaphorin, Ephrin
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| How quickly does a peripheral neuron regrow? What does this allow? | 1-4mm/ day, prediction of return to function day
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| What type of neurons regrow, which is fastest? | Peripheral motor and sensory, sensory
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| What differences exist between the PNS and CNS in neural regeneration? | Oligodendricytes release growth inhibitors in the CNS, but encourage growth in the PNS.
Glial scars form in the CNS but not the PNS
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| What problems can occure with PNS regrowth? | The axons may cross and go to the wrong tissues, It can growth back into a coiled ball-Neuroma (pain)
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| What neurotrasmitter is key to the trasmission of pain in the CNS and what two are critical to inhibiting pain? | Glutamate is excitatory,
Glycine and Seratonin (5ht are inhibitory
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| What three factors prevent CNS regeneration? | Oligodendricytes release inhibitors Astrocytes inhibit as glial scar
Small amount growth factors
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| What method of CNS regeneration has the most evidence? | axon collateralization-use of cells to cause specialized change, use of concurrent systems,
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| What is the difference between learning and memory? | Aquiring new information-neural conduction, Storage and recall of information-structural changes
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| What is pain? | Pain is a learned association/perception of nocioceptor information
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| What are the two types of memory? | Declaritive-concious what you can say you know Non-declaritive-skills
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| Where is declaritive memory located? | The medial temporal lobe, diacephalon in the hippocampus
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| Where is non-declaritive memory located? | Basal ganglia, striatum, cerebellum, amygdala
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| What are the two types of non-declaritive memory? | Procedural-striatum
Conditioned cerebellum(muscle)
Emotional-amygdala
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| What are the two types of learning? | Associative, Non associative
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| What is non associative learning, what are two examples? | Single stimulus changing behavior Habituation Sensitization
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| What is associative learning? what are two examples? | Two or more stimuli combine to change behavior Operant conditioning-Action=reward or punishment Classical conditioning-stimulus plus reward or punishment
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| What are the three types of pain nocioceptors and what do they pick up on? | 'A' Delta fibers-temp, deformation (sudden pain) 'C' Fibers-any kind of change (dull ache) 'A' Beta- Tactile/location
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| What is Allodynia? What is Hyperalgesia? | Sensation of localized pain when non present (eg. touch a sunburn), Hypersensitivity to pain
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| What is the beginning of the spinal cord? Where does it end? | The foramen magnum, L1/ L2 Conus medularis
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| What are the three types of pain? | Acute (sharp) Persistant (tissue damage) Chronic (unceasing despite no damage)
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| How does the opiod system suppress pain? | Endorphins and 5HT are released by the interneuron, opening potassium ion channels, inhibiting the pain transmission
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| What does the anterior median fissure mark in the spinal column? | The separation between the left and right white matter
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| Pain suppression cannot occure without what neurotransmitter? | 5HT, Seratonin
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| What does the hammer on the knee test? How many nerves are there? | Myostatic reflex, 2-one afferent one efferent.
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| What neurons sense and bring in incomming information? And what neurons stimulate muscles and organs? | Afferent information, Efferent
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| What is chronic pain? | unrelieved persistant pain despite no tissue damage
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| What neurons convey from afferent to efferent neurons? | Interneurons
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| Interneurons can be what two types? | Facilitory or inhibitory
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| Why is surgery often ineffective at reducing pain? | Pain sensation is distributed in the brain
Persistant pain causes collateral growth to other areas
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| A Hemisection of the spinal cord for limb pain causes what? | Loss of sensation and motor control in BOTH limbs
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| What is spacticity? | An increase resistance in stretch reflex
An increase in tone
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| Afferent fibers from the lower body to the upper body are laid down how in the spinal column? | Laterally to more on the way up medially
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| What spinal tract is responsible for pain and temperature? | The Acending Lateral Spinothalamic tract
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| What effect does habituation have on the nerve? | repeated exposure decreases response: Excititory stimulus is less, There is less gulutamate release Calcium channels are less active
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| What effect does sensitization have on the nerve? | Repeated exposure increases response: The cell releases more neurotransmitter A larger/longer action potential occures Calcium channels become more active
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| Diseases that cause spacticity usually have what 5 symptoms? | Increase tendon reflex
Unmasking of developemental reflexes
Increase co-contraction
Decrease in reciprical inhibition
Abnormal contractions
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| What is the difference between habituation and Longterm Depression? | Depression is structural changes (retraction of inputs), habituation is just temporary
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| What is the difference between long term potentiation and sensitization? | Long term associative learning is structural changes(growth of new inputs), sensitization is just temporary
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| Paring of a normal physiological reaction and sensory information is called what? | Classical conditioning
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| In classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus? | The unconditioned stimulus is the normal physiologic stimulus. Thu conditioned stimulus is the sensory stimulus unrelated to anything
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| From a neuronal perspective why does the pairing of stimulus occure/why is possible? | Because calcium is already going into the cell, while G-protiens are active, AMPA will go up increasing activity in the cell and cellular changes
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| What is memory and learning? | Memory-Persistent changes in neuronal structure
Learning is synaptic transmission changes
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| *****How does synaptic transmission/learning occur? | Intercellur messengers (g-protiens)
Increase in Calcium*
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| What are the three nerve fibers in the cerebellum and what do they do? | Climbing fibers-transmit movement information
Mossy fibers transmit-the expected movement
perkinji fibers-Recieve signals from both and send error signals when they don't match
Parellel fibers-Learn and show plastic changes
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| When does learning occure in the cerebellum occure and why? | Only when climbing and parellel fibers simultaneously fire and AMPA receptors are deactivated
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| When does a perkinji fiber send an error signal? | When the incomming stimulus is simultaneous
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| What is the difference between declaritive and non declearitive memory? | Declaritive you can describe/remember,
Non-declaritive you cannot
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| Describe the lateral spinothalamic tract and what information it carries: | Nocioceptor transmits to posterior horn, cross in the spine, inhibited by the reticular formation and periaqueductal grey, transmitted to the Post central gyrus,
somatosensory cortex (concious awareness)
and the PO region of the thalamus
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| What is Hyperalgesia? What is Alhondonia? | Hypersensitivity to pain.
Inability to experience pleasure
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| There are two meathods of long term potentiation/memory, what are they? | Temporal summationnincreasing the frequency of stimulation (study all the time)
Cooperative stimulation-Increasing the number/amount of stimulation (using many differnent senses associated with the learning eg. rose-neuro)
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| Errors in learning/association are called what, and how do they occure? | Aphasia, when incorrect information/stimulation is paired together. (Eg. Neuro is paired with a green pen, but you write in red)
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| What three peripheral pain signals can be controlled and with what methods? | Prostaglandins (IBuporophin), Histones (Antihistamines), Nonsteriodals (substance p)
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| How does longterm potentiation/memory occur in the hyppocampus? | When the neuron is depolarized AND NMDA receptors are opened. Ligand and Voltage gated
Calcium enters and more AMPA receptors produced.
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| How can a depolarization cause longterm depression OR longterm potentiation? | Both cause an influx of Calcium, but a highfrequency or long depolarization can activate enough enzymes to cause activation of enzymes
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| What enzyme is responsible for memory and which is responsible for forgetting and what effect do they have? | Kinase-memory, increase AMPA
Phosphatase-forgetting, decrease AMPA
It is this balance that causes longterm changes
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| If a peripheral nerve is severed and has to regrow 1cm, how long will this take? | 2.5-10 days
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| What pathway transmits localized soft epicatic touch, and joint capsule information? | The Posterior Column
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| Damage to what tract will cause spacticity and motor problems? | The motor cortical spinal tract
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| What acending/decending area of the CNS nerves are particularly vulnerable to injury? | Internal capsule
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| Efferent decending fibers cross to the otherside of the body where in the medulla? | Decussation of the pyramids
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| Describe what the posterior column does and what kind of information it transmits: | Epicatic and Kinestesis (touch and joint) information crosses at the spine and in the medulla oblongata, to the Post central gyrus
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| The cell bodies for the efferent neurons are where? | The anterior horn of the spinal column
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| The afferent spinal nerve bodies are where? | dorsal root ganglion outside the spinal column
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| Describe the posterior column and what information it carries | Joint capsular (kinesthesis) and touch (epicatic) information, crosses in the spinal cord, to the post central gyrus
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| The extrapyramidal pathway is responsibel for what? | Individual motor acts
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| A reflex involving more than two neurons is called what? | A poly synaptic reflex
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| What tract is responsible for touch? | The Anterior spinothalamic tract
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| Describe the Lateral Spinothalamic tract and what information it carries? | Nocioception, crosses in the spinal cord, is regulated by the reticularformation and the periaqueductal grey and is transmitted to the secondary sensory cortex, post central gyrus and PO region of the thalamus
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| Describe the Anterior Spinothalamic tract and what information it carries? | Touch information, crosses in the spine, ascends to the Postcentral gyrus
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| What pathway transmits Pain and temperature information? | The lateral spinothalamic tract
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| What pathway tranmits touch information? | The Anterior spinothalamic tract
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| What is the difference between reflexes and reactions? | Reflexes: Simple automatic movements requiring no concious input
Reactions:complex movement requiring conciousness
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| Describe the posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerellar tract and what kind of information they carry? | Position and movement of muscles up the same side of the body to the cerebellum
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| Control of major brain functions are located where? | Distributed control, thoughout the brain
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| Complex motor reflexes and repetative rythmic movements are produced where? | In the central pattern generator?
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| What spinal tracts carry muscle position and movement information up the spinal column? | The posterior cerebellar tract and the cuneocerellar tract
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| Three areas that are responsible for motor control are what? | Premotor cortex, supplemental motor area, cerebellum
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| State of arousal is located where? | Reticular formation
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| What is the reticular formation's job? | Initiate and regulate movement at the central pattern generator
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| Describe the Anterior and Rostral spinocerebellar tracts and what information they carry: | The rostral carries upper limb, the anterior carries lower limb location and movement information, crosses in the spinal column, up to the superior cerebellum
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| What is the cerebellum responsible for? | coordination and sequencing of movement (smooth motion)
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| Motor movement disorders often are a result of what? | cerebellum disorders
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| Discordinated movement and tremors is called what | Ataxia
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| The fact that all systems are distributed, in the greater picture means what? | You cannot isolate behavior to one part of the brain
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| What are the 3 requirments to any motor task? | Power, Accuracy, Speed
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| How are accuracy and speed related? | There is an optimum, too slow or too fast decreases accuracy
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| What are the two mechanisms of a Hyperalgesia and Aldenia: pain positive feedback plastic changes? | Peripheral:nocioceptor releases substance P, mast cells release histones- cause swelling. Histones+ swelling stimulate other nocioceptors. Synaptic: Glutamate + Substance P increase Post AMPA receptors making more likely to detect glutamate
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| What are the two methods of down regulating pain? | Sensory Gate: Tactile 'B' fiber excits an inhibitory interneuron The Opiod system-stress releases endorphins and 5HT which decreases pain
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| Describe the Cortical spinal tract and what it is responsible for? | Voluntary motor control, decends from the Primary motor cortex, crosses at the decussion of pyramids in the medulla, stimulates the motor neuron
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| What is the definition of a decision? | Wheneverf a neuron is activated and makes a decision to fire
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| What spinal tract is responsible for voluntary muscle control? | the cortical spinal tract
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| What are the 6 steps to VOLUNTARY control of movement, or engage in a behavior? | Signal-Decision to act-Plan-Program-Execution-Error detection and correction
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| What part of VOLUNTARY movement would OT be involved in? | The plan-what kind of things they will do The program-what order and sequence of muscles used The execution-how fast, or force produced
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| ******Pain is registered in what parts of the brain? | The thalamus-the PO region The lateral fissure-secondary sensory cortex
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| What is another name for mixed pathways? | Extrapyramidal pathway
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| Afferent nerve cell bodies are located where? | the spinal ganglia
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| Where are the cell bodies of the motor neurons located? | Anterior horns
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| What does the primary motor cortex control? | Voluntary motor movement
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| What are terminal fibers? | Interneurons between the decending CNS tract and efferent neurons
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| Mixed pathways/extra pyramidal pathways control what? | Individual motor acts
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| What does the superior colliculus control? | Visual reflexes
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| What does the accessory occular motor nuclei do? | Visual tracking
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| What are the two mixed spinal tracts? | Midial longtitudinal and the Vestibulo pathways
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| What are the 5 parts of the brain stem caudal(inferior) to rostal? | Spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, dicephalon
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| The cranial nerves are part of what structure? | The brainstem
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| What are the 12 cranial nerves? | OLd OPie OCcasionally TRies TRIGonometry And Feels VEry GLOomy, VAGUe, And HYPOactive olfactory, optic, occular, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
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| What do legions to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum cause what? | Disturbances in extensor muscle tone and posture
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| The posterior lobe legions of the cerebellum do what? | Respiratory and cardiac distress
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| Legions to the neo-cerebellum cause what? | Tremor
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| How is the brainstem attached/connected to the brainstem? | Three major fiber tracts or peduncles
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| The cerebellar tract responsible for connecting skilled motions from the cerebrum to cerebellum? | Ponto cerebellar tract
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| Lesion to the cyngulate gyrus cause what? | Contant arousal
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| Pain receptors use what kind of inhibitors? | Opiods
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| What are 3 pain nocioceptors (neurons)? | Sharp pain-delta fibers Prolongued burning pain-C fibers
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| Pain afferent neurons release what neuro transmitter substance? | Substance P (for pain), Glutamate
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| Pain is conducted to what track of the spinal cord? | The lateral spinothalamic tract
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| Pain is inhibited by what areas of the brain first? | The cerebral cortex, reticular formation
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| What medications act as pain inhibitors? | Morphine, codine, demerol
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| What natural substances are really effective at inhibiting pain? | Eukephalins, and Endorphins, 5HT
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for smell? | The olfactory nerve
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for vision | optic
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for eye movement? | Occular motor
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| What is the trochlear responsible for? | eye movements
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for mastication, sense to face and nose? | Trigeminal
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| What is the abducens nerve responsible for? | Eye movement
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| What nerve is responsible for facial, salivation and test? | The facial nerve
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| The nerve responsible hearing and equalibrium? | Vestibulocochlear
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| The nerve responsible for the pharynx and larynx? | Vagus
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| What nerves stimulate the neck muscles? | Accessory nerve
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| What cranial nerve stimulates the tongue? | The hypoglossal
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| What does the anterior cerebral artery supply? | The medial, parietal, frontal brain, and corpus colossum
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| What does the middle cerebral artery supply? | The lateral surfaces frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe
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| What does the basilar artery supply? | the occipital lobe.
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| What 2 spinal tracts integrates limb information and movement? | The Anterior spinocerebellar tract-Lower body
The Rostral spinocerebellar tract-Upper body
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| Describe the transmission of information in the 2 spinocerebellar tracts: | The Anterior conducts lower limb info, the Rostal conducts upper limb info, it crosses int the spine and is conducted to the cerebellum
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| Decribe the the Corticospinal tract and the information it conducts: | Transmission from the primary motor cortex, information crosses in the medulla at the decussion of the pyramids and stimulates a motor neuron
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| What are the two mixed spinal pathways and what do they do? | Vestibular spinal tract-equalibrium reactions
Extra pyramidal pathway-individual motor acts
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| Describe the Tectospinal tract and what it does? | crosses at midbrain, responsible for visual following
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| Describe the Rubrospinal tract and what it is responsible for: | transmits from the red nucleaus, regulated by the cerebellum, crosses at thoracic spine, responsible for flexor tone
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| Describe the two reticulospinal tracts and what they are responsible for: | The pontine reticulospinal tract-evervates the muscle spindle
The medullar reticularspinal tract inhibits smooth muscles
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| What tract in the spine is responsible for voluntary motor control? | The cortical spinal tract
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| What spinal tract is responsible for equalibrium righting reactions? | The Vestibulospinal tract
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| What tract in the spine is responsible for individual motor acts? | The extrapyramidal pathway
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| What tract is responsible for visual following? | The Tectospinal tract
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| What tract in the spine is responsible for the tone of the flexors? | The rubrospinal tract
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| What tract is responsible for enervating the muscle spindle? | The Pontine reticulospinal tract
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| What tract is responsible for inhibiting smooth muscles? | The medullar reticulospinal tract
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| What are the 6 stages by which spacticity occurs? | 1. Decrease inhibition
2. Increase stretch reflex
3. Muscle and nerve Potentiation
4. Disfunctional Collateralization
5. Unpredicatable movements
6. Contracture and cycles cont...
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| What are 4 best ways of managing spacticity and contractions? | 1. Stretching- increases inhibition in the spine, ROM, and voluntary movement.
2.Local muscle relaxants (eg. botox)
3. Motor training-neuroplasic increase in decending control
4. Orthotics-only to allow proper stretching and motor training
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| What is the most common problem with orthotics? | People use them to compensate and becom reliant
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| During neurotransmission, what type of ion channel produces an excitatory postsynaptic potential? | Ligand gated sodium channels
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| The Best Outcome of neural recovery is from what? | Collateral sprouting
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| What are the 7 Key principles of Neuroplacticity? | 1. Use it to impove it or lose it
2. Specificity vs. Transference
3. Repetition
4. Age=plasitc
5. Interference
6. Motivation&Expectation=improvement
7. Feedback is necessary
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