Adaptability of the Nervous System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| What mechanism that allows continual learning but also prevents perfect performance? | show 🗑
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| How do we learn a new movement | show 🗑
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| show | In the central pattern generator
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| What are the four strategies to teaching a new/recovering a movement? | show 🗑
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| show | Astrocyte-regulates the extra cellular space and nursemaid to the neuron
Swan/Oligodendroyte-form myelin
Microglia-consume dead tissue and foreign material
Ependymal glia-line ventricles and the central canal
Satellite/guide cell- growth cues
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| What are the 5 lobes of the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Whole training-the entire movement (continual tasks)
2.Progressive training/partial- serial tasks
3.Whole/partial training-continual tasks with discrete components
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| show | The relay of info to the brain, regulation of vital functions like breathing, conciousness, and body temp
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| What are the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord responsible for? | show 🗑
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| show | higher cognitive function, attention, voluntary movement, planning, decision making
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| What are the four areas of the frontal lobe? | show 🗑
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| show | Hearing and the integration of sensory information
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| What is the parietal lobe concerned with? | show 🗑
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| show | vital functions such as respiration and heart rate
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| show | Relays info between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
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| show | Mass practice-drill, back to back (good for one session, discrete skills)
Distributed-Drill followed by reflection
Good for complex/continuous activities
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| show | Sexual and emotional behavior
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| show | Block training, one activity at a time
Random taining, different following activities
Random is better, requires attention and concentration
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| What is the thalamus responsible for? | show 🗑
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| What is the hypothalamus responsible for? | show 🗑
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| show | The biological clock
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| show | The pain gate theory: A sensory A Beta neuron stimulates an inhibitory pain interneuron
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| What are the parts of the upper brainstem? | show 🗑
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| show | The pons, the medulla, the cerebellum, the spinal cord
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| show | Error is necessary for learning
We have an inherent need for self correction
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| What are the 7 key principles to Neuro placticity? | show 🗑
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| What distributed areas are responsible for motor activity? | show 🗑
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| How many cranial and spinal nerves are their? | show 🗑
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| What is the power law of practice? | show 🗑
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| What is learned non-use? What is a way to prevent it? | show 🗑
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| What are the two types of therapy? | show 🗑
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| show | Gap junction-direct cell to cell (rare) Chemical synapse-across a synapse with neurotransmitters
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| show | Swann cells in the peripheral nervous system Oligodendrocites in the central nervous system
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| show | Motivation-to keep trying
Attention-input specificity & cooperativity
Arousal-optimum amount
Memory-good & bad experiences
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| show | The oligodendrocites die, myelin degenerates, action potentials stop, the cell redistributes ion channels, the signal slows, the cell dies
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| What 5 external factors effect learning? | show 🗑
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| Mental rehersal is good for what kinds of activities? | show 🗑
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| show | Action potential, calcium influx causes vessicles to releases neurotransmitter
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| show | Open channels on the post synaptic side for ions to enter
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| show | The sum integration of all inhibitory and excitatory signals at the axon hillock
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| What are the two forms of excitatory and inhibitory summation? | show 🗑
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| show | Ligand channels-chemical
Voltage channels
G-protein- neurotransmitter causes distant channel to remain open. (changes cell structure)
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| What are the three main types of neurotransmitters? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamate (MOST ABUNDANT), Glycine, GABA
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| show | Dopamine
Seratonin
Norepinepherine
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| The main excitatory neurotransmitter and inhibitory neurotransmitter in pain pathway are what? | show 🗑
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| show | Placticity
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| Changing the behavior of a single neuron can cause a cascade of changes that ultimately may what? | show 🗑
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| How does a neuron respond to increased receptor use/modulate gene expression? | show 🗑
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| When a neuron is no longer recieving input from a primary input what may occure? | show 🗑
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| What is the main mechanism for change in the brain? | show 🗑
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| show | Increased activity, and vacancy
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| What three areas in the brain experience neurogenisis? | show 🗑
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| What are the three steps to neurogenisis? | show 🗑
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| What three cells can be created from a neural stem cell and what is most likely? | show 🗑
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| Why is stem cell introduction into an adult brain perhaps unwise? | show 🗑
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| show | Feedback eg. Error detection
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| show | Relevant to the task, and properly timed
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| What type of feedback is best; hand over hand guidence, verbal or self? | show 🗑
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| How should hand-over-hand guidence be used? | show 🗑
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| What is state dependent learning? | show 🗑
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| show | Dendrites release neurotropins which can only be taken up by an axon that is experiencing action potentials
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| show | Collateralization, Dendritic growth, number and activity of receptors, in summary the entire neuron
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| show | The growth cone or Philopodia
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| Growth over long distances may be encouraged or discouraged by what? | show 🗑
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| show | Attract some neurons and repel others
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| show | Netrin attract
Slit attract/repel
Ephrin repel
Semaphorin repel
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| show | Wallarian degeneration-the damaged axon is consumed
Chromatolysis-the neuron is reorganized
Retrograde degeneration-The presynapic neuron may retract-lack of use
Andrograde degeneration-the Post synaptic neuron may die
Transneural-nearby cells may be
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| show | Behaviors & thoughts processes that are rewarded undergo neural structural changes
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| show | Secondary CNS injury due to Inflamation
and immuno Cytokines
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| What is ischemia? | show 🗑
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| What is transneuronal degeneration? | show 🗑
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| What are the steps of transneuronal degeneration? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of a glial scar? | show 🗑
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| What chemical inhibitors are released by Glial scars? | show 🗑
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| show | 1-4mm/ day, prediction of return to function day
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| What type of neurons regrow, which is fastest? | show 🗑
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| What differences exist between the PNS and CNS in neural regeneration? | show 🗑
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| What problems can occure with PNS regrowth? | show 🗑
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| What neurotrasmitter is key to the trasmission of pain in the CNS and what two are critical to inhibiting pain? | show 🗑
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| show | Oligodendricytes release inhibitors Astrocytes inhibit as glial scar
Small amount growth factors
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| What method of CNS regeneration has the most evidence? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between learning and memory? | show 🗑
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| show | Pain is a learned association/perception of nocioceptor information
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| show | Declaritive-concious what you can say you know Non-declaritive-skills
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| show | The medial temporal lobe, diacephalon in the hippocampus
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| show | Basal ganglia, striatum, cerebellum, amygdala
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| What are the two types of non-declaritive memory? | show 🗑
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| show | Associative, Non associative
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| What is non associative learning, what are two examples? | show 🗑
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| show | Two or more stimuli combine to change behavior Operant conditioning-Action=reward or punishment Classical conditioning-stimulus plus reward or punishment
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| What are the three types of pain nocioceptors and what do they pick up on? | show 🗑
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| What is Allodynia? What is Hyperalgesia? | show 🗑
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| show | The foramen magnum, L1/ L2 Conus medularis
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| What are the three types of pain? | show 🗑
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| How does the opiod system suppress pain? | show 🗑
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| What does the anterior median fissure mark in the spinal column? | show 🗑
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| show | 5HT, Seratonin
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| What does the hammer on the knee test? How many nerves are there? | show 🗑
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| What neurons sense and bring in incomming information? And what neurons stimulate muscles and organs? | show 🗑
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| show | unrelieved persistant pain despite no tissue damage
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| What neurons convey from afferent to efferent neurons? | show 🗑
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| Interneurons can be what two types? | show 🗑
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| Why is surgery often ineffective at reducing pain? | show 🗑
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| A Hemisection of the spinal cord for limb pain causes what? | show 🗑
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| show | An increase resistance in stretch reflex
An increase in tone
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| show | Laterally to more on the way up medially
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| show | The Acending Lateral Spinothalamic tract
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| What effect does habituation have on the nerve? | show 🗑
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| What effect does sensitization have on the nerve? | show 🗑
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| show | Increase tendon reflex
Unmasking of developemental reflexes
Increase co-contraction
Decrease in reciprical inhibition
Abnormal contractions
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| What is the difference between habituation and Longterm Depression? | show 🗑
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| show | Long term associative learning is structural changes(growth of new inputs), sensitization is just temporary
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| show | Classical conditioning
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| show | The unconditioned stimulus is the normal physiologic stimulus. Thu conditioned stimulus is the sensory stimulus unrelated to anything
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| From a neuronal perspective why does the pairing of stimulus occure/why is possible? | show 🗑
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| show | Memory-Persistent changes in neuronal structure
Learning is synaptic transmission changes
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| show | Intercellur messengers (g-protiens)
Increase in Calcium*
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| show | Climbing fibers-transmit movement information
Mossy fibers transmit-the expected movement
perkinji fibers-Recieve signals from both and send error signals when they don't match
Parellel fibers-Learn and show plastic changes
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| When does learning occure in the cerebellum occure and why? | show 🗑
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| show | When the incomming stimulus is simultaneous
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| What is the difference between declaritive and non declearitive memory? | show 🗑
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| Describe the lateral spinothalamic tract and what information it carries: | show 🗑
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| What is Hyperalgesia? What is Alhondonia? | show 🗑
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| show | Temporal summationnincreasing the frequency of stimulation (study all the time)
Cooperative stimulation-Increasing the number/amount of stimulation (using many differnent senses associated with the learning eg. rose-neuro)
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| show | Aphasia, when incorrect information/stimulation is paired together. (Eg. Neuro is paired with a green pen, but you write in red)
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| show | Prostaglandins (IBuporophin), Histones (Antihistamines), Nonsteriodals (substance p)
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| How does longterm potentiation/memory occur in the hyppocampus? | show 🗑
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| show | Both cause an influx of Calcium, but a highfrequency or long depolarization can activate enough enzymes to cause activation of enzymes
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| What enzyme is responsible for memory and which is responsible for forgetting and what effect do they have? | show 🗑
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| If a peripheral nerve is severed and has to regrow 1cm, how long will this take? | show 🗑
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| What pathway transmits localized soft epicatic touch, and joint capsule information? | show 🗑
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| Damage to what tract will cause spacticity and motor problems? | show 🗑
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| show | Internal capsule
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| show | Decussation of the pyramids
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| Describe what the posterior column does and what kind of information it transmits: | show 🗑
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| The cell bodies for the efferent neurons are where? | show 🗑
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| show | dorsal root ganglion outside the spinal column
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| Describe the posterior column and what information it carries | show 🗑
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| The extrapyramidal pathway is responsibel for what? | show 🗑
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| show |
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| show | A poly synaptic reflex
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| show | The Anterior spinothalamic tract
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| Describe the Lateral Spinothalamic tract and what information it carries? | show 🗑
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| Describe the Anterior Spinothalamic tract and what information it carries? | show 🗑
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| What pathway transmits Pain and temperature information? | show 🗑
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| show | The Anterior spinothalamic tract
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| show | Reflexes: Simple automatic movements requiring no concious input
Reactions:complex movement requiring conciousness
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| show | Position and movement of muscles up the same side of the body to the cerebellum
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| Control of major brain functions are located where? | show 🗑
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| Complex motor reflexes and repetative rythmic movements are produced where? | show 🗑
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| What spinal tracts carry muscle position and movement information up the spinal column? | show 🗑
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| Three areas that are responsible for motor control are what? | show 🗑
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| show | Reticular formation
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| show | Initiate and regulate movement at the central pattern generator
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| show | The rostral carries upper limb, the anterior carries lower limb location and movement information, crosses in the spinal column, up to the superior cerebellum
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| What is the cerebellum responsible for? | show 🗑
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| show | cerebellum disorders
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| Discordinated movement and tremors is called what | show 🗑
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| show | You cannot isolate behavior to one part of the brain
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| What are the 3 requirments to any motor task? | show 🗑
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| show | There is an optimum, too slow or too fast decreases accuracy
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| What are the two mechanisms of a Hyperalgesia and Aldenia: pain positive feedback plastic changes? | show 🗑
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| show | Sensory Gate: Tactile 'B' fiber excits an inhibitory interneuron The Opiod system-stress releases endorphins and 5HT which decreases pain
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| Describe the Cortical spinal tract and what it is responsible for? | show 🗑
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| show | Wheneverf a neuron is activated and makes a decision to fire
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| show | the cortical spinal tract
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| What are the 6 steps to VOLUNTARY control of movement, or engage in a behavior? | show 🗑
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| show | The plan-what kind of things they will do The program-what order and sequence of muscles used The execution-how fast, or force produced
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| show | The thalamus-the PO region The lateral fissure-secondary sensory cortex
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| What is another name for mixed pathways? | show 🗑
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| show | the spinal ganglia
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| show | Anterior horns
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| What does the primary motor cortex control? | show 🗑
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| show | Interneurons between the decending CNS tract and efferent neurons
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| Mixed pathways/extra pyramidal pathways control what? | show 🗑
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| What does the superior colliculus control? | show 🗑
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| show | Visual tracking
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| What are the two mixed spinal tracts? | show 🗑
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| show | Spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, dicephalon
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| show | The brainstem
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| What are the 12 cranial nerves? | show 🗑
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| What do legions to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum cause what? | show 🗑
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| The posterior lobe legions of the cerebellum do what? | show 🗑
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| show | Tremor
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| How is the brainstem attached/connected to the brainstem? | show 🗑
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| show | Ponto cerebellar tract
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| Lesion to the cyngulate gyrus cause what? | show 🗑
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| show | Opiods
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| show | Sharp pain-delta fibers Prolongued burning pain-C fibers
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| Pain afferent neurons release what neuro transmitter substance? | show 🗑
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| Pain is conducted to what track of the spinal cord? | show 🗑
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| Pain is inhibited by what areas of the brain first? | show 🗑
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| show | Morphine, codine, demerol
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| What natural substances are really effective at inhibiting pain? | show 🗑
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for smell? | show 🗑
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for vision | show 🗑
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| show | Occular motor
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| What is the trochlear responsible for? | show 🗑
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| What cranial nerve is responsible for mastication, sense to face and nose? | show 🗑
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| What is the abducens nerve responsible for? | show 🗑
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| show | The facial nerve
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| The nerve responsible hearing and equalibrium? | show 🗑
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| show | Vagus
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| show | Accessory nerve
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| What cranial nerve stimulates the tongue? | show 🗑
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| What does the anterior cerebral artery supply? | show 🗑
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| show | The lateral surfaces frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe
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| show | the occipital lobe.
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| show | The Anterior spinocerebellar tract-Lower body
The Rostral spinocerebellar tract-Upper body
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| show | The Anterior conducts lower limb info, the Rostal conducts upper limb info, it crosses int the spine and is conducted to the cerebellum
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| Decribe the the Corticospinal tract and the information it conducts: | show 🗑
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| show | Vestibular spinal tract-equalibrium reactions
Extra pyramidal pathway-individual motor acts
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| Describe the Tectospinal tract and what it does? | show 🗑
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| show | transmits from the red nucleaus, regulated by the cerebellum, crosses at thoracic spine, responsible for flexor tone
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| show | The pontine reticulospinal tract-evervates the muscle spindle
The medullar reticularspinal tract inhibits smooth muscles
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| show | The cortical spinal tract
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| show | The Vestibulospinal tract
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| show | The extrapyramidal pathway
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| What tract is responsible for visual following? | show 🗑
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| show | The rubrospinal tract
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| What tract is responsible for enervating the muscle spindle? | show 🗑
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| show | The medullar reticulospinal tract
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| show | 1. Decrease inhibition
2. Increase stretch reflex
3. Muscle and nerve Potentiation
4. Disfunctional Collateralization
5. Unpredicatable movements
6. Contracture and cycles cont...
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| show | 1. Stretching- increases inhibition in the spine, ROM, and voluntary movement.
2.Local muscle relaxants (eg. botox)
3. Motor training-neuroplasic increase in decending control
4. Orthotics-only to allow proper stretching and motor training
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| show | People use them to compensate and becom reliant
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| show | Ligand gated sodium channels
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| The Best Outcome of neural recovery is from what? | show 🗑
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| What are the 7 Key principles of Neuroplacticity? | show 🗑
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