all the vocab from the first exam
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| Biology | the study of life
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| Cell | smallest unit of life
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| Atom | smallest functional unit of matter that have all properties of the element
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| Homeostasis | property of a system that regulates the internal environment
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| Metabolism | chemical reactions that occur inside of an organism that allow life to be sustained
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| Cell Respiration | cells break down organic molecules (sugars) to make high energy compounds like ATP
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| Photosynthesis | when organisms use light to make food
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| Autotrophs | make their own food
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| Heterotrophs | need to eat other organisms to get food
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| Evolution | populations of organisms, over time, change from generation to generation to become better adapted to the environment
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| Eubacteria | true bacteria
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| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic bacteria (blue green algae)
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| Archaebacteria | unicellular prokaryotes who live in extreme environments
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| Eukaryotes | more complex cells, have a true nucleus
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| Binomial Nomenclature | 2 part scientific name in Latin, genus species
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| Hypothesis | proposed explanation of natural phenomenon, based on observation or scientific knowledge, should make predictions that are testable
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| Theory | broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world supported by large body of evidence
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| Discovery-based science | collect and analyze data without preconceived notions
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| Controlled experiment | has two groups (control and experimental) that are analyzed to see if groups are significantly different from one another
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| Element | pure substance of one kind of atom
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| Electrons | negatively charged, arranged in orbitals around the nucleus
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| Protons | positively charged, in nucleus
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| Neutrons | neutral charge, in nucleus
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| Atomic Mass | based on number of protons and neutrons
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| Electronegativity | ability of an atom to attract/gain electrons
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| Ion | charged form of atom
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| Molecule | 2 or more atoms
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| Compound | molecule made of two or more atoms with atoms of different elements
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| Ionic bond | bond formed between positively and negatively charged ions
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| Covalent bond | electrons shared between atoms
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| Nonpolar bond | electrons shared equally
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| Polar molecules | have a partial positive or partial negative charge at one end of the molecule
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| Single Covalent bond | one pair of electrons between atoms
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| Double Covalent bond | two pairs of electrons between atoms
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| Disulfide bond | single bond between 2 sulfur bonds
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| Hydrogen bond | forms when an H atom is electrically attracted to an electronegative atom
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| Solute | Substance dissolved in a liquid
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| Solvent | liquid in which substance is dissolved
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| Solution | Liquid containing dissolved substances (solutes)
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| Aqueous solution | Solution made with water (ex. Cytoplasm of a cell)
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| Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules
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| Adhesion | Water molecules are attracted to charged surfaces
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| Hydrophilic molecules | Dissolve in water, usually charged or polar
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| Hydrophobic | Can’t dissolve in water, nonpolar
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| Amphipathic | Has one polar/charged end, and one nonpolar/hydrophobic end
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| Acid | Releases H+ when dissolving in water (below 7 on ph scale), increases # of protons
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| Base | Adds OH- ions in water, decreases H+ concentration, (above 7 on ph scale)
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| Organic compounds | Have Carbon and Hydrogen, have covalent bonds, made by living organism
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| Inorganic | Metals, lots of different elements, usually ionic bonds, found in environment
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| Macroelements | CHNOPS
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| Microelements | Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu, usually cofactors
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| Dehydration Synthesis | Connects subunits together to make a longer polymer by removing water
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| Hydrolysis | Breaks down large polymer into subunits by adding water
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| Storage Polysaccharides | Stored forms of energy in a cell
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| Alpha Glycosidic Bonds | How storage sugars are connected (ex. Starch)
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| Beta Glycosidic Bonds | How structural sugars are connected (ex. Chitin) Can’t break down.
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| Glycoproteins | Proteins with sugars covalently attached to them
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| Peptide bonds | What amino acids are connected by
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| Polypeptides | Chain of amino acids (N terminus and C Terminus)
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| Van Der Waals Interactions | Weak force as molecules get within a certain distance of one another, attracted to each other
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| Denaturation | When proteins come undone due to heat or chemicals
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| Enzymes | Proteins that perform chemical reactions
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| Amino | -NH2
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| Hydroxyl | -OH
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| Carbonyl | C=O
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| Aldehyde | C-H=O
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| Carboxyl | -COOH
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| Sulfhydryl | -SH
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| Methyl | -CH3, Nonpolar
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| Phosphate | -PO4
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| Sulfate | -SO4
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| Carbs | CH2O (sugars, starch)
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| Monosaccharide | (ex. Glucose)
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| Disaccharides | (Ex. Dextrose, connected by covalent bond called glycosidic bond)
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| Lipids | CHO (Fats, oils)
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| Proteins | CHONS (enzymes) Made of amino acids, have amino and carboxyl group, connected by Peptide bonds, Polypeptides
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| Nucleic Acids | CHNOP (DNA, RNA)
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| Protein | A Macromolecule, composed of CHNOS, made of amino acids, has peptide bonds, has folding
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| Enzymes | Proteins, Critical to metabolism
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| Actin and Myosin | Structural proteins
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| Receptor Proteins | Receive Information from outside of cell
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| Transport Protein | Allows/Restricts movement of substances in and out of cells
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| Hormones | (Not all hormones are proteins) Chemical messenger that acts on distant target cells, ex. Insulin
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| Nucleic Acids | A Macromolecule, what DNA and RNA are made of, made of nucleotides
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| Nucleotides | Units of nucleic acids, include a sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous bases, attached by phosphodiester bonds
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| Phosphodiester Bonds | Type of covalent bonds that attach nucleotides
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| RNA | Ribonucleic acid, Single Stranded, (3 Types)
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| MRNA | Type of RNA, codes for proteins
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| TRNA | Type of RNA, brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis
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| RRNA | Structural part of ribosome
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| Ribosome | Made of RRNA and protein
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| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, Double stranded, Anti-parallel strands, Contains genes/genetic blueprint
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| Genes | Code for proteins
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| Purines | Bases with 2 rings: Adenine and guanine, Larger
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| Pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil, Smaller
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| Lipid | A Macromolecule, Large and Hydrophobic, made of CHO (ex. Fats, oils, fatty acids, triglycerides)
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| Triglycerides | Fats and oils, store energy, Glycerol plus 3 fatty acid molecules
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| Glycerol | 3 Hydrophilic Hydroxyl groups
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| Fatty Acids | Carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chain
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| Hydrophobic Effect | Hydrophobic attract to other hydrophobic, hydrophilic attract to other hydrophilic
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| Saturated Fats | Solid at room temperature, Single bonds, easy to “pack in”
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| Unsaturated Fats | Liquid at room temperature (At least one double or triple bond), adds kink in molecule
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| Phospholipids | Component of membrane that has glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate group, polar head group
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| Steroids | Type of lipid, 4 rings and side chain, component of membranes, hormones
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| Cell | Smallest unit of life
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| Prokaryotic Cell | Non membrane-bound nucleus
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| Eukaryotic Cell | Have true nucleus
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| Plasma Membrane | Separates living environment from non-living environment
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| Nucleoid Region | Where DNA is in Prokaryotes
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| Fission | Asexual Reproduction, little to no sexual recombination
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| Membrane | Phospholipid Bilayer, Allows things in and out of cell
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| Nucleus | “Brain” of cell, has DNA in Chromatin in Eukaryotes, Double membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus
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| Mitochondrion | (Power house of the cell), has DNA, ribosomes, responsible for cell respiration
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| Christae | Folded inner membrane site of Electron Transport Chain
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| Chloroplasts | Like a solar generator for plants
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| Thylakoid | Green photosynthetic membrane, where Light Reactions take place
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| Stroma | Liquid part, responsible for Calvin Cycle, has DNA, ribosomes
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| Grana | Stacks of Thylakoids
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| Endosymbiosis Theory | Mitochondrion and Chloroplasts are all derived from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during evolution of Eukaryotic cells
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| Vacuole | Storage and breakdown of substances, responsible for turgor pressure in plants
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| Peroxisomes | Break down peroxide
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| Lysosome | Use acid hydrolases to break down macromolecules (like stomach of the cell)
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| Ribosomes | Large subunit and small subunit, half RNA, half protein, responsible for protein synthesis
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| Rough ER | membrane sheets with ribosomes on surface, performs protein synthesis and glycosylation
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| Glycosylation | Adds sugars to proteins
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| Smooth ER | Tubular membrane sheets, place of lipid and membrane synthesis, Calcium storage, Detoxifixation and metabolism
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| Golgi Apparatus | Packaging center of the cell, where proteins are modified, sorted, and packed into vesicles to be sent to final locations
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| Cytoskeleton | Network of molecules in cell made of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, gives structure to cells, is involved in intracellular transport and cell movement
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| Actin | Usually found beneath plasma membrane, gives shape to cells, involved in cell movement
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| Intermediate Filaments | Very strong, form scaffolding of cell
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| Microtubules | Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins, make up spindle fibers, involved in intracellular movement, make up flagellum
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| Cilia | Made of microtubules, used to move a cell through liquid
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| Flagella | Made of microtubules, used to move cell through liquid, tail-like projection (ex. Sperm)
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| Phospholipid Bilayer | Outer layer of a cell, semi permeable, Has Cholesterol and Proteins embedded in it.
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| Integral Membrane Proteins | Embedded in the membrane (“strawberries” in jello)
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| Peripheral Membrane Protein | On top of the membrane (“marshmallows” in jello)
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| Cholesterol | Gives mechanical strength to the membrane, maintains fluidity, is in the membrane with OH group sticking out
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| Selectively permeable | Only certain molecules can pass through membrane
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| Diffusion | When a solute moves from higher to lower concentration, down the concentration gradient, no energy input
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| Osmosis | When water moves from high concentration to low concentration of water, no energy input needed
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| Concentration | Amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume
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| Passive Transport | When solute moves down concentration gradient, from high to low, no energy input needed
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| Active Transport | When solute moves from low to high concentration of solute, solute moves against concentration gradient, transport protein required for movement of solute, Uses energy (can use ATP, light, ion gradient)
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| Direct Active Transport | Primary Active Transport (Low to High), Uses ATP, GTP, NADH, light
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| Indirect Active Transport | Secondary Active Transport, 2 part system
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| Exocytosis | Moves substances outside cell
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| Endocytosis | Moves substances inside of cell
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