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Bio 111 Exam 1
all the vocab from the first exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology | the study of life |
| Cell | smallest unit of life |
| Atom | smallest functional unit of matter that have all properties of the element |
| Homeostasis | property of a system that regulates the internal environment |
| Metabolism | chemical reactions that occur inside of an organism that allow life to be sustained |
| Cell Respiration | cells break down organic molecules (sugars) to make high energy compounds like ATP |
| Photosynthesis | when organisms use light to make food |
| Autotrophs | make their own food |
| Heterotrophs | need to eat other organisms to get food |
| Evolution | populations of organisms, over time, change from generation to generation to become better adapted to the environment |
| Eubacteria | true bacteria |
| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic bacteria (blue green algae) |
| Archaebacteria | unicellular prokaryotes who live in extreme environments |
| Eukaryotes | more complex cells, have a true nucleus |
| Binomial Nomenclature | 2 part scientific name in Latin, genus species |
| Hypothesis | proposed explanation of natural phenomenon, based on observation or scientific knowledge, should make predictions that are testable |
| Theory | broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world supported by large body of evidence |
| Discovery-based science | collect and analyze data without preconceived notions |
| Controlled experiment | has two groups (control and experimental) that are analyzed to see if groups are significantly different from one another |
| Element | pure substance of one kind of atom |
| Electrons | negatively charged, arranged in orbitals around the nucleus |
| Protons | positively charged, in nucleus |
| Neutrons | neutral charge, in nucleus |
| Atomic Mass | based on number of protons and neutrons |
| Electronegativity | ability of an atom to attract/gain electrons |
| Ion | charged form of atom |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms |
| Compound | molecule made of two or more atoms with atoms of different elements |
| Ionic bond | bond formed between positively and negatively charged ions |
| Covalent bond | electrons shared between atoms |
| Nonpolar bond | electrons shared equally |
| Polar molecules | have a partial positive or partial negative charge at one end of the molecule |
| Single Covalent bond | one pair of electrons between atoms |
| Double Covalent bond | two pairs of electrons between atoms |
| Disulfide bond | single bond between 2 sulfur bonds |
| Hydrogen bond | forms when an H atom is electrically attracted to an electronegative atom |
| Solute | Substance dissolved in a liquid |
| Solvent | liquid in which substance is dissolved |
| Solution | Liquid containing dissolved substances (solutes) |
| Aqueous solution | Solution made with water (ex. Cytoplasm of a cell) |
| Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules |
| Adhesion | Water molecules are attracted to charged surfaces |
| Hydrophilic molecules | Dissolve in water, usually charged or polar |
| Hydrophobic | Can’t dissolve in water, nonpolar |
| Amphipathic | Has one polar/charged end, and one nonpolar/hydrophobic end |
| Acid | Releases H+ when dissolving in water (below 7 on ph scale), increases # of protons |
| Base | Adds OH- ions in water, decreases H+ concentration, (above 7 on ph scale) |
| Organic compounds | Have Carbon and Hydrogen, have covalent bonds, made by living organism |
| Inorganic | Metals, lots of different elements, usually ionic bonds, found in environment |
| Macroelements | CHNOPS |
| Microelements | Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu, usually cofactors |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Connects subunits together to make a longer polymer by removing water |
| Hydrolysis | Breaks down large polymer into subunits by adding water |
| Storage Polysaccharides | Stored forms of energy in a cell |
| Alpha Glycosidic Bonds | How storage sugars are connected (ex. Starch) |
| Beta Glycosidic Bonds | How structural sugars are connected (ex. Chitin) Can’t break down. |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins with sugars covalently attached to them |
| Peptide bonds | What amino acids are connected by |
| Polypeptides | Chain of amino acids (N terminus and C Terminus) |
| Van Der Waals Interactions | Weak force as molecules get within a certain distance of one another, attracted to each other |
| Denaturation | When proteins come undone due to heat or chemicals |
| Enzymes | Proteins that perform chemical reactions |
| Amino | -NH2 |
| Hydroxyl | -OH |
| Carbonyl | C=O |
| Aldehyde | C-H=O |
| Carboxyl | -COOH |
| Sulfhydryl | -SH |
| Methyl | -CH3, Nonpolar |
| Phosphate | -PO4 |
| Sulfate | -SO4 |
| Carbs | CH2O (sugars, starch) |
| Monosaccharide | (ex. Glucose) |
| Disaccharides | (Ex. Dextrose, connected by covalent bond called glycosidic bond) |
| Lipids | CHO (Fats, oils) |
| Proteins | CHONS (enzymes) Made of amino acids, have amino and carboxyl group, connected by Peptide bonds, Polypeptides |
| Nucleic Acids | CHNOP (DNA, RNA) |
| Protein | A Macromolecule, composed of CHNOS, made of amino acids, has peptide bonds, has folding |
| Enzymes | Proteins, Critical to metabolism |
| Actin and Myosin | Structural proteins |
| Receptor Proteins | Receive Information from outside of cell |
| Transport Protein | Allows/Restricts movement of substances in and out of cells |
| Hormones | (Not all hormones are proteins) Chemical messenger that acts on distant target cells, ex. Insulin |
| Nucleic Acids | A Macromolecule, what DNA and RNA are made of, made of nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | Units of nucleic acids, include a sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous bases, attached by phosphodiester bonds |
| Phosphodiester Bonds | Type of covalent bonds that attach nucleotides |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid, Single Stranded, (3 Types) |
| MRNA | Type of RNA, codes for proteins |
| TRNA | Type of RNA, brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis |
| RRNA | Structural part of ribosome |
| Ribosome | Made of RRNA and protein |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, Double stranded, Anti-parallel strands, Contains genes/genetic blueprint |
| Genes | Code for proteins |
| Purines | Bases with 2 rings: Adenine and guanine, Larger |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil, Smaller |
| Lipid | A Macromolecule, Large and Hydrophobic, made of CHO (ex. Fats, oils, fatty acids, triglycerides) |
| Triglycerides | Fats and oils, store energy, Glycerol plus 3 fatty acid molecules |
| Glycerol | 3 Hydrophilic Hydroxyl groups |
| Fatty Acids | Carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chain |
| Hydrophobic Effect | Hydrophobic attract to other hydrophobic, hydrophilic attract to other hydrophilic |
| Saturated Fats | Solid at room temperature, Single bonds, easy to “pack in” |
| Unsaturated Fats | Liquid at room temperature (At least one double or triple bond), adds kink in molecule |
| Phospholipids | Component of membrane that has glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate group, polar head group |
| Steroids | Type of lipid, 4 rings and side chain, component of membranes, hormones |
| Cell | Smallest unit of life |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Non membrane-bound nucleus |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Have true nucleus |
| Plasma Membrane | Separates living environment from non-living environment |
| Nucleoid Region | Where DNA is in Prokaryotes |
| Fission | Asexual Reproduction, little to no sexual recombination |
| Membrane | Phospholipid Bilayer, Allows things in and out of cell |
| Nucleus | “Brain” of cell, has DNA in Chromatin in Eukaryotes, Double membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus |
| Mitochondrion | (Power house of the cell), has DNA, ribosomes, responsible for cell respiration |
| Christae | Folded inner membrane site of Electron Transport Chain |
| Chloroplasts | Like a solar generator for plants |
| Thylakoid | Green photosynthetic membrane, where Light Reactions take place |
| Stroma | Liquid part, responsible for Calvin Cycle, has DNA, ribosomes |
| Grana | Stacks of Thylakoids |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | Mitochondrion and Chloroplasts are all derived from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during evolution of Eukaryotic cells |
| Vacuole | Storage and breakdown of substances, responsible for turgor pressure in plants |
| Peroxisomes | Break down peroxide |
| Lysosome | Use acid hydrolases to break down macromolecules (like stomach of the cell) |
| Ribosomes | Large subunit and small subunit, half RNA, half protein, responsible for protein synthesis |
| Rough ER | membrane sheets with ribosomes on surface, performs protein synthesis and glycosylation |
| Glycosylation | Adds sugars to proteins |
| Smooth ER | Tubular membrane sheets, place of lipid and membrane synthesis, Calcium storage, Detoxifixation and metabolism |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packaging center of the cell, where proteins are modified, sorted, and packed into vesicles to be sent to final locations |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of molecules in cell made of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, gives structure to cells, is involved in intracellular transport and cell movement |
| Actin | Usually found beneath plasma membrane, gives shape to cells, involved in cell movement |
| Intermediate Filaments | Very strong, form scaffolding of cell |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins, make up spindle fibers, involved in intracellular movement, make up flagellum |
| Cilia | Made of microtubules, used to move a cell through liquid |
| Flagella | Made of microtubules, used to move cell through liquid, tail-like projection (ex. Sperm) |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Outer layer of a cell, semi permeable, Has Cholesterol and Proteins embedded in it. |
| Integral Membrane Proteins | Embedded in the membrane (“strawberries” in jello) |
| Peripheral Membrane Protein | On top of the membrane (“marshmallows” in jello) |
| Cholesterol | Gives mechanical strength to the membrane, maintains fluidity, is in the membrane with OH group sticking out |
| Selectively permeable | Only certain molecules can pass through membrane |
| Diffusion | When a solute moves from higher to lower concentration, down the concentration gradient, no energy input |
| Osmosis | When water moves from high concentration to low concentration of water, no energy input needed |
| Concentration | Amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume |
| Passive Transport | When solute moves down concentration gradient, from high to low, no energy input needed |
| Active Transport | When solute moves from low to high concentration of solute, solute moves against concentration gradient, transport protein required for movement of solute, Uses energy (can use ATP, light, ion gradient) |
| Direct Active Transport | Primary Active Transport (Low to High), Uses ATP, GTP, NADH, light |
| Indirect Active Transport | Secondary Active Transport, 2 part system |
| Exocytosis | Moves substances outside cell |
| Endocytosis | Moves substances inside of cell |
Created by:
smkenned
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