Bio 111 Exam 1 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Question | Answer |
| Biology | the study of life |
| Cell | smallest unit of life |
| Atom | smallest functional unit of matter that have all properties of the element |
| Homeostasis | property of a system that regulates the internal environment |
| Metabolism | chemical reactions that occur inside of an organism that allow life to be sustained |
| Cell Respiration | cells break down organic molecules (sugars) to make high energy compounds like ATP |
| Photosynthesis | when organisms use light to make food |
| Autotrophs | make their own food |
| Heterotrophs | need to eat other organisms to get food |
| Evolution | populations of organisms, over time, change from generation to generation to become better adapted to the environment |
| Eubacteria | true bacteria |
| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic bacteria (blue green algae) |
| Archaebacteria | unicellular prokaryotes who live in extreme environments |
| Eukaryotes | more complex cells, have a true nucleus |
| Binomial Nomenclature | 2 part scientific name in Latin, genus species |
| Hypothesis | proposed explanation of natural phenomenon, based on observation or scientific knowledge, should make predictions that are testable |
| Theory | broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world supported by large body of evidence |
| Discovery-based science | collect and analyze data without preconceived notions |
| Controlled experiment | has two groups (control and experimental) that are analyzed to see if groups are significantly different from one another |
| Element | pure substance of one kind of atom |
| Electrons | negatively charged, arranged in orbitals around the nucleus |
| Protons | positively charged, in nucleus |
| Neutrons | neutral charge, in nucleus |
| Atomic Mass | based on number of protons and neutrons |
| Electronegativity | ability of an atom to attract/gain electrons |
| Ion | charged form of atom |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms |
| Compound | molecule made of two or more atoms with atoms of different elements |
| Ionic bond | bond formed between positively and negatively charged ions |
| Covalent bond | electrons shared between atoms |
| Nonpolar bond | electrons shared equally |
| Polar molecules | have a partial positive or partial negative charge at one end of the molecule |
| Single Covalent bond | one pair of electrons between atoms |
| Double Covalent bond | two pairs of electrons between atoms |
| Disulfide bond | single bond between 2 sulfur bonds |
| Hydrogen bond | forms when an H atom is electrically attracted to an electronegative atom |
| Solute | Substance dissolved in a liquid |
| Solvent | liquid in which substance is dissolved |
| Solution | Liquid containing dissolved substances (solutes) |
| Aqueous solution | Solution made with water (ex. Cytoplasm of a cell) |
| Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules |
| Adhesion | Water molecules are attracted to charged surfaces |
| Hydrophilic molecules | Dissolve in water, usually charged or polar |
| Hydrophobic | Can’t dissolve in water, nonpolar |
| Amphipathic | Has one polar/charged end, and one nonpolar/hydrophobic end |
| Acid | Releases H+ when dissolving in water (below 7 on ph scale), increases # of protons |
| Base | Adds OH- ions in water, decreases H+ concentration, (above 7 on ph scale) |
| Organic compounds | Have Carbon and Hydrogen, have covalent bonds, made by living organism |
| Inorganic | Metals, lots of different elements, usually ionic bonds, found in environment |
| Macroelements | CHNOPS |
| Microelements | Mg, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Cu, usually cofactors |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Connects subunits together to make a longer polymer by removing water |
| Hydrolysis | Breaks down large polymer into subunits by adding water |
| Storage Polysaccharides | Stored forms of energy in a cell |
| Alpha Glycosidic Bonds | How storage sugars are connected (ex. Starch) |
| Beta Glycosidic Bonds | How structural sugars are connected (ex. Chitin) Can’t break down. |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins with sugars covalently attached to them |
| Peptide bonds | What amino acids are connected by |
| Polypeptides | Chain of amino acids (N terminus and C Terminus) |
| Van Der Waals Interactions | Weak force as molecules get within a certain distance of one another, attracted to each other |
| Denaturation | When proteins come undone due to heat or chemicals |
| Enzymes | Proteins that perform chemical reactions |
| Amino | -NH2 |
| Hydroxyl | -OH |
| Carbonyl | C=O |
| Aldehyde | C-H=O |
| Carboxyl | -COOH |
| Sulfhydryl | -SH |
| Methyl | -CH3, Nonpolar |
| Phosphate | -PO4 |
| Sulfate | -SO4 |
| Carbs | CH2O (sugars, starch) |
| Monosaccharide | (ex. Glucose) |
| Disaccharides | (Ex. Dextrose, connected by covalent bond called glycosidic bond) |
| Lipids | CHO (Fats, oils) |
| Proteins | CHONS (enzymes) Made of amino acids, have amino and carboxyl group, connected by Peptide bonds, Polypeptides |
| Nucleic Acids | CHNOP (DNA, RNA) |
| Protein | A Macromolecule, composed of CHNOS, made of amino acids, has peptide bonds, has folding |
| Enzymes | Proteins, Critical to metabolism |
| Actin and Myosin | Structural proteins |
| Receptor Proteins | Receive Information from outside of cell |
| Transport Protein | Allows/Restricts movement of substances in and out of cells |
| Hormones | (Not all hormones are proteins) Chemical messenger that acts on distant target cells, ex. Insulin |
| Nucleic Acids | A Macromolecule, what DNA and RNA are made of, made of nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | Units of nucleic acids, include a sugar, a phosphate, and nitrogenous bases, attached by phosphodiester bonds |
| Phosphodiester Bonds | Type of covalent bonds that attach nucleotides |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid, Single Stranded, (3 Types) |
| MRNA | Type of RNA, codes for proteins |
| TRNA | Type of RNA, brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis |
| RRNA | Structural part of ribosome |
| Ribosome | Made of RRNA and protein |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, Double stranded, Anti-parallel strands, Contains genes/genetic blueprint |
| Genes | Code for proteins |
| Purines | Bases with 2 rings: Adenine and guanine, Larger |
| Pyrimidines | Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil, Smaller |
| Lipid | A Macromolecule, Large and Hydrophobic, made of CHO (ex. Fats, oils, fatty acids, triglycerides) |
| Triglycerides | Fats and oils, store energy, Glycerol plus 3 fatty acid molecules |
| Glycerol | 3 Hydrophilic Hydroxyl groups |
| Fatty Acids | Carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chain |
| Hydrophobic Effect | Hydrophobic attract to other hydrophobic, hydrophilic attract to other hydrophilic |
| Saturated Fats | Solid at room temperature, Single bonds, easy to “pack in” |
| Unsaturated Fats | Liquid at room temperature (At least one double or triple bond), adds kink in molecule |
| Phospholipids | Component of membrane that has glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate group, polar head group |
| Steroids | Type of lipid, 4 rings and side chain, component of membranes, hormones |
| Cell | Smallest unit of life |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Non membrane-bound nucleus |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Have true nucleus |
| Plasma Membrane | Separates living environment from non-living environment |
| Nucleoid Region | Where DNA is in Prokaryotes |
| Fission | Asexual Reproduction, little to no sexual recombination |
| Membrane | Phospholipid Bilayer, Allows things in and out of cell |
| Nucleus | “Brain” of cell, has DNA in Chromatin in Eukaryotes, Double membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus |
| Mitochondrion | (Power house of the cell), has DNA, ribosomes, responsible for cell respiration |
| Christae | Folded inner membrane site of Electron Transport Chain |
| Chloroplasts | Like a solar generator for plants |
| Thylakoid | Green photosynthetic membrane, where Light Reactions take place |
| Stroma | Liquid part, responsible for Calvin Cycle, has DNA, ribosomes |
| Grana | Stacks of Thylakoids |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | Mitochondrion and Chloroplasts are all derived from small bacteria that were engulfed by larger bacteria during evolution of Eukaryotic cells |
| Vacuole | Storage and breakdown of substances, responsible for turgor pressure in plants |
| Peroxisomes | Break down peroxide |
| Lysosome | Use acid hydrolases to break down macromolecules (like stomach of the cell) |
| Ribosomes | Large subunit and small subunit, half RNA, half protein, responsible for protein synthesis |
| Rough ER | membrane sheets with ribosomes on surface, performs protein synthesis and glycosylation |
| Glycosylation | Adds sugars to proteins |
| Smooth ER | Tubular membrane sheets, place of lipid and membrane synthesis, Calcium storage, Detoxifixation and metabolism |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packaging center of the cell, where proteins are modified, sorted, and packed into vesicles to be sent to final locations |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of molecules in cell made of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, gives structure to cells, is involved in intracellular transport and cell movement |
| Actin | Usually found beneath plasma membrane, gives shape to cells, involved in cell movement |
| Intermediate Filaments | Very strong, form scaffolding of cell |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins, make up spindle fibers, involved in intracellular movement, make up flagellum |
| Cilia | Made of microtubules, used to move a cell through liquid |
| Flagella | Made of microtubules, used to move cell through liquid, tail-like projection (ex. Sperm) |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Outer layer of a cell, semi permeable, Has Cholesterol and Proteins embedded in it. |
| Integral Membrane Proteins | Embedded in the membrane (“strawberries” in jello) |
| Peripheral Membrane Protein | On top of the membrane (“marshmallows” in jello) |
| Cholesterol | Gives mechanical strength to the membrane, maintains fluidity, is in the membrane with OH group sticking out |
| Selectively permeable | Only certain molecules can pass through membrane |
| Diffusion | When a solute moves from higher to lower concentration, down the concentration gradient, no energy input |
| Osmosis | When water moves from high concentration to low concentration of water, no energy input needed |
| Concentration | Amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume |
| Passive Transport | When solute moves down concentration gradient, from high to low, no energy input needed |
| Active Transport | When solute moves from low to high concentration of solute, solute moves against concentration gradient, transport protein required for movement of solute, Uses energy (can use ATP, light, ion gradient) |
| Direct Active Transport | Primary Active Transport (Low to High), Uses ATP, GTP, NADH, light |
| Indirect Active Transport | Secondary Active Transport, 2 part system |
| Exocytosis | Moves substances outside cell |
| Endocytosis | Moves substances inside of cell |
Created by:
smkenned
Popular Biology sets