Emphasis: Bones of the Spine with its supporting structures
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| There are __ cervical, __ lumbar and __ thoracic vertebrae in the human body. | 7,5, 12
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| The condition of having SI1 unconnected from the rest of the sacrum is calle | lumbarization
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| The fetal curve is __ in the posterior and __ in the anterior | convex, concave
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| WOTF is not a structure on the occipital bone? EOP Superior nuchal line Condyle Mastoid foramen | condyle
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| The head and the trunk are balanced by this type of curve? | lumbar
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| Juxtaposition refers to its position in reference to the relationship to __ vertebra(e). | 2
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| The cervical curve and the lumbar curve are curves of what type? | secondary and lordotic
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| What are the two systems that form first in the body? | heart, spine
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| What is the precursor to the spine? | notochord, primitive streak
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| The remnants of the notochord make up which anatomical part of the human adult? | nucleus pulposis
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| What is a normal amount of somite pairs for a month old developing embryo? | 38
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| Which region of a somite will eventually develop vertebrae? | sclerotome
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| WOTF best describes a dermatome? | area of body supplied by a sensory nerve
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| Primary ossification starts during the __ week of fetal life. | 10th
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| The most anterior portion of the occiput is: | basilar process
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| The sphenoid bone is fused with __, the most anterior bone of the occiput. | basilar process
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| The medulla oblongata is the: | brain stem
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| What is on the external surface of the basilar portion? | pharyngeal tubercle
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| On the medial side of each condyle is a tubercle called: | unnamed tubercle
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| What is the function for the hypoglossal canal? | holds the hypoglossa nerve (12th cranial nerve)
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| The neural ring in the lumbrar spine is __. | triangular
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| This boiny projection of bone located laterally from the condyles is the __. It is an attachment point for muscles and ligaments. | jugular process
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| The nucleus pulposis is a remnant of the notochord, which originates from the __. | mesoderm
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| A line on the occiput that that runs inferior and slightly lateral is the inferior nuchal line. | true
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| What is lateral to the internal occipital crest? | cerebellar fossa
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| The external occipital crest has __ ridge(s). | 1
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| The internal occipital crest has __ ridge(s). | 4
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| The pharyngeal tubercle is a structure on the occiput | true
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| A __ in the disc causes degeneration | loss of water
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| Which vertebra is labeled typical | C-6
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| Severe disc degeneration leads to WOTF diseases? Sclerosis Osteoarthritis Scoliosis Paget's disease | Osteoarthritis
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| The vertebral body is also known as the centrum. | true
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| One disc, which is smalles in height compared to the others, shows WOTF conditions? | disc degeneration
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| The vertebral body is __ on its superior and __ on its inferior surfaces. | concave, concave
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| Joints of Lushka are found in the | cervicals
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| These roots project posteriorly and laterally from the corner of the vertebral bodies. | pedicles
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| A pedicle has a concavity. | true
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| Epistropheus is referred to as | C2
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| These are considered arches. | laminae
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| WOTF does not have a disc? | between C1 and C2
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| Ribs __ and __ are floating ribs | 11, 12
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| The vertebral arteries carry roughly about __% of the total blood carried to the brain | 40%
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| Transverse processes project __, __ and __ at C7 | lateral, inferior, posterior
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| What artery goes through the transverse foramen? | vertebral
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| Spinous processes are attachment points for muscles and ligaments | true
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| Muscles are derived from the __, which is responsible for the development of somites. | mesoderm
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| What does the surface of the articular facets consist of? | hyaline cartilage
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| WOTF is not part of the suboccipital triangle? Superior Oblique Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Inferior Oblique | Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
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| The neural ring for a typical cervical vertebra is __ in shape. | triangular
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| Spinal stenosis is congenital | true
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| The neural ring is also known as (A.K.A.) | spinal canal, neural canal
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| The atlas has __ lateral masses | 2
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| One lateral mass makes up __% of the total ring of atlas. | 20%
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| The superior surfaces of the lateral masses of the atlas are kidney shaped bones. | true
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| The little bump on the anterior portion of the anterior arch is known as this: | anterior tubercle
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| The fovea dentalis is the point of articulation for the __. | axis and the atlas
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| The average female spine is 25 inches. | true
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| 25% of the length of the spine is made by the __. It makes up __ inches of the spine. | intervertebral discs, 6 1/4 - 7 inches
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| The most posterior portion of the atlas is called the posterior tubercle. | true
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| The second cervical nerve attaches to the __ surface of the posterior arch. | inferior
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| Neurovascular bundle consists of: | nerves, segmental artery, veins
(all of the above)
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| The first cervical nerve is also known as the | suboccipital nerve
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| The transverse processes of the atlas are located __ and __ to the mastoid bone. | inferior, medial
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| C2 is called the | Axis, Epistropheus
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| Posterior arch makes up 40% of the atlas | true
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| The major point of rotation for the cervical spine is the | axis
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| The large tooth-like process on the axis is called: | Odontoid process
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| The __ ligament is most anterior. | apical
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| The superior articular surfaces of the axis articulate with the inferior surfaces of the atlas. | true
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| Os odontoideum is a condition where the odontoid does not join on the body of the axis. This is __. | congenital
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| Os odontoideum is a condition where the odontoid can have porous edges. | false, jagged or smooth
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| The transverse process of __ has a carotid tubercle | C6
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| Atypical vertebrae of C-1, C-2 and | C-7
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| Thoracic vertebrae have __ shaped vertebral bodies | heart
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| Which vertebrae articulate with the ribs in the general population? | thoracic
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| What are found at the posterior, superior corners of the vertebral body of the typical thoracic vertebrae? | superior costal facets
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| Typical thoracic vertebrae have __ facets. | 4
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| There are __ moveable vertebrae in the body | 24
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| T1 transverse processes project lateral, __ and __. | superior, posterior
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| The two superior articular processes in thoracic vertebrae project __ and __ from the LPJ. | superior, posterior
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| Which is true of the spinal canal? #82 | all of the above
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| Transverse processes contain __ in the thoracic vertebrae | all of the above
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| Atypical vertebrae are T1, T10, T11, T12 and | T9
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| T1 has | 2 whole superior facets, a rib attached to it
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| TThe whole facets of T1 will attach to a rib. | true
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| Rib 1 articulates with the vertebral body of T1 and the transverse facet of the T1 transverse process. | true
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| T9 is atypical because of WOTF conditions? | 1 inferior demifacet may or may not be present
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| T10 has no inferior demi facet. | true
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| T10 has a largemfull facet inferiorly. | false, superiorly
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| If there were an inferior facet on T9 it would attach to the __ of T10. | transverse process
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| T11 and T12 are called floating ribs because they don't attach to | transverse processes
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| The superior tubercle on T12 is like the | lumbar mamillary process
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| The __ process is lateral to the mamillary process. | accessory
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| Cervical rib usually occurs at __ transverse process. | C7
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| The neural ring ins in thoracic part of the spine are __ shaped. | circular
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| Which two vertebrae have the largest spinous processes? (Hint: Either one can be known as the Vertebra Prominence). | C7, T1
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| This vertebra will move freely forward with extension of the head. C4 C2 C3 C6 all of the above | all of the above
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| Secondary ossification only occurs after birth. | true
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| The vertebral body of a typical lumbar is heart shaped. | false, kidney shaped
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| There are __ cranial nerves in the human body. | 12
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| Two lamina come together to form a single, large, blunt spinous process in the lumbars. | true
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| There are __ articular processes in typical thoracic vertebrae. The superior articular process projects __ and the inferior articular process projects __ from the LPJ. | 4, superior, inferior
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| Scotty Dog is also known as (A.K.A) | Pars Interarticularis
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| The body shape of the cervical vertebrae is | oval
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| When the superior facets of L5 are facing the same way as the inferior facets of L4, the condition is known as | Lumbosacral facet syndrome
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| Chiropractors use the __ as a segmental contact point when adjusting the lumbars | mamillary process
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| WOTF is not a characteristic of L5? | there is a rounded spinous process
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| There are two accessory processes in the lumbars and they are superior to the transverse process. | false, accessory processes are at the same level as transverse processes.
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| The sacral pump is important because it circulates cerebro-spinal fluid. | true
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| What projects laterally from the base of the sacrum? | Sacral Ala
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| This bone(s) project laterally from the sacral hiatus | Sacral cornu
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| The sacrum can be described as a(n) | inverted triangle
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| WOTF is an anatomical structure of the coccyx? | Transverse process of coccyx
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| The base of the sacrum articulates with the | L5
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| Sacrum has two articular processes | true
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| The most inferior anatomical structure is the __. | Sacral Cornu
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| There are 8 foramen in the sacrum. | true
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| The posterior primary divisions are posterior nerves that exit out of WOTF foramen? | sacral foramen
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| Embryologically, there are four sacral segments. | false, 5
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| Sacrum tubercles are also known as the __. | median sacral crest
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| Intermediate sacral crest is homologous to | articular process
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| S1 doesn't have a tubercle, so we can have extension in movement. | true
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| The sacral hiatus is generally superior to the sacral horn. | true
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| Transverse ridge lines can be found on the pelvic (anterior) surface of the sacrum. | true
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| Ala is most representative of the term | wing
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| The last intervertebral disc is between | L5 and S1
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| Lateral surfaces of the sacrum are called auricular surfaces. They look like: | ears
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| Auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the | auricular surface of the sacrum
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| Coccyx and the sacrum are both inverted triangles. | true
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| The area surrounding the nucleus pulposis in the intervertebral disc is called the annulus fibrosus. | true
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| All of the following are found on the pelvic surface of the sacrum except: | intermediate sacral crest
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| The 3 horizontal ridges do not represent the articulations of the four previous individual coccyx segments. | false, do represent
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| The PSIS is found at the same level as | S2
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| The PSOS is not a segmental contact point for chiropractors. | false
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| WOTF is not a type of hip bone? ilium pubis ischium all of the above form the hip bones | all of the above form the hip bones
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| Which bone makes up 40% of the acetabulum? | ilium
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| The descending ramus is inferior to the ascending ramus of the ischium. | true
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| The ischial spine is __ to the ischial tuberosity. | superior
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| The body of the ischium goes toward the | posterior
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| The superior ramus of the pubic bone is connected to the | pubic tubercle
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| The superior pubic ramus is superior to the | ischial tuberosity
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| How many spinal nerves (not pairs)are there in the human body? | 62
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| Where does the 8th spinal nerve reside? | between C7 and T1
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| How many coccygeal nerves are there? | 1
The one coccygeal nerve is called the coccygeal nerve.
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| The first spinal nerve is called the | suboccipital
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| The medulla oblongata is directly superior to the | Spinal cord
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| The __ is the most posterior and the __ is the most anterior structures of the hip bones in the standing position. | PSIS, pubic tubercle
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| The first spinal nerve is between | occiput and C1
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| The 2nd spinal nerve is found between | C1 and C2
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| The termination of the spinal cord is at | Conus medullaris
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| The first cervical nerve exits above C2 vertebra, | false, above C1 vertebra
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