Anatomy Fundamentals (PREMATRIC)
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| show | 1. Coronal (Frontal) Plane
2. Axial (Transverse) Plane
3. Sagittal Plane
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| show | Divides body into anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal) parts.
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| Axial (Transverse) Plane | show 🗑
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| Sagittal Plane | show 🗑
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| show | closer to the torso or closer to the beginning of a system
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| Distal | show 🗑
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| Superficial | show 🗑
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| show | farther from the surface of the body part of organ; farther from the start of a dissection
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| show | somewhere between superficial and deep
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| Fascia | show 🗑
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| show | the building blocks of skin; contains varying amounts of adipose tissue.
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| Deep Fascia | show 🗑
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| Clinical Note: Compartment syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | 1. skull
2. spinal column
3. ribs and sternum
4. hyoid bone
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| Appendicular Skeleton | show 🗑
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| show | two types of circulation:
1. Pulmonary circulation
2. Systemic circulation
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| show | blood that undergoes exchange passes thru one set of capillaries before returning to the heart.
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| show | Before or after exchange in a capillary bed, the blood may carry special substances or may need to be processed further before returning to the heart.
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| show | carry blood away from the heart (to the organs)
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| show | Carry blood towards the heart
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| show | deoxygenated blood
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| Pulmonary veins & Systemic arteries carry... | show 🗑
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| Elastic arteries (conducting arteries) | show 🗑
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| show | -maintain tonus & regulate flow of blood to large tissue masses.
-They branch off into arterioles.
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| show | -control the microcirculation to the exchange vessels, the capillaries and postcapillary venules.
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| Two Variations in Systemic Circulation | show 🗑
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| Nephron circulation | show 🗑
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| show | consists of true capillary beds (having arterial and venous sides) connected to beds of venous capillaries called sinusoids via portal vessels.
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| show | blood is conveyed BACK TO THE HEART via capacitance or reservoir vessels as either deoxy (venae cavae to the 'right heart') or oxy (pulm veins to 'left heart') blood.
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| show | the prescence of valves to assist return of blood to the heart. the valves are formed by one to three opposing semilunar leaflets & appear as dilation along veins of the neck & limbs.
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| Deep veins | show 🗑
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| Musculovenous Pump | show 🗑
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| show | swollen, twisted, and sometimes painful veins that have filled with an abnormal collection of blood. caused by valvular incompetence which can occur by inflammatory destruction or deep fascial degeneration, causing them to gap.
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| Thrombophlebitis | show 🗑
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| Pulmonary embolism | show 🗑
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| Venous Thromboembolism | show 🗑
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| Deep veins that lack valves... | show 🗑
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| show | passive dorsiflexion of the foot. (a test for DVT's which is falling out of favor due to emoblic risks.)
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| show | superficial veins will collapse when injured, however, large veins (like the internal jugular) will remain patent after injury b/c they are tethered to deep fascia. this can lead to fatal 'sucking' air embolism.
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| Vascular Patterns (Homologous Connections) | show 🗑
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| Anastomosis | show 🗑
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| show | two blood vessels from different anatomical sources from a blunt union
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| transversal anastomosis | show 🗑
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| convergence anastomosis | show 🗑
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| show | veins that course w/ and surround medium-sized arteries and are bound in the same vascular sheath. As the artery pulses, the valve-oriented blood in the Acc Veins is squeezed toward the heart.
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| Angiosome | show 🗑
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| show | when an anastomosis is inadequate if sudden blockage occurs. (some anastomosis are insufficient to prevent ischemia w/ blockage of one artery. ex: coronary arteries)
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| anatomical end-arteries | show 🗑
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| show | made up of
A. Primary lymphoid organs
B. Secondary lymphoid organs & tissues
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| show | Production of lymphocytes
-thymus gland
-red bone marrow
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| Secondary lymphoid organs & tissues | show 🗑
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| Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) - | show 🗑
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| show | -lymphatic capillaries
-afferent lymphatic vessels (to the lymph node)
-efferent lymphatic vessels (leave a lymph node)
-lymphatic trunks
-lymphatic ducts
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| show | 1. right lymphovenous portal (right lymphatic ducts): drains lower half of body, left side of head and left extremity.
2. left lymphovenous portal (thoracic duct): drains above the diaphragm on the right, straight up thru the head and the right extremity
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| Lymphatic Capillaries | show 🗑
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| Interstitial Fluid | show 🗑
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| show | localized fluid retention and tissue swelling (edema) caused by a compromised lymphatic system (lymphatic capillaries)
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| Movement of lymph into lymphatic vessels is assisted by numerous valves and is the result of: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. only in tissues with a blood supply (absent in non-vascular tissues)
2. BUT not always found in tissues WITH a blood supply (not found in the thymus, eye, CNS, PNS, bone marrow)
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| Lymphovenous Portals | show 🗑
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| show | (right lymphatic duct): accepts the right subclavian, jugular & bronchomediastinal trunks.
-Drainage territory is the right half of the body above the diaphragm.*
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| show | (Thoracic duct): commences near the diaphragm at the aortic hiatus, accept the R & L lumbar trunks & 2-3 intestinal trunks.
-Drainage territory is the rest of the body (minus the right half above the diaphragm).*
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| show | Lymphadenopathy
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| Lymphogenous metastatis of cancer | show 🗑
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| show | node with highest probability to be first destination that cancer cells from a tumor will drain into.
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| Signal node | show 🗑
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| Lymphadenitis | show 🗑
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| Organization of Nervous System | show 🗑
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | show 🗑
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| Organization of Matter in Spinal Cord | show 🗑
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| Spinal Nerves | show 🗑
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| Dorsal & Ventral Roots | show 🗑
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| show | anatomical unit of the nervous system consisting of a cell body, dendrites, & an axon.
(classified as being multipolar, bipolar and unipolar.)
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| show | 1. Motor (efferent)
2. Sensory (afferent)
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| show | 1. multipolar & carries info AWAY from CNS
2. Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located in nuclei within ventral horn of spinal cord
3. stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle (motor unit: single motor neuron & all the muscle cells it innervates)
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| Sensory Neurons (afferent) | show 🗑
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| types of Nerve Fibers | show 🗑
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| show | -branches of spinal nerves are mixed fibers.
-At the start, a spinal nerve divides into a dorsal ramus and a larger ventral ramus. The dorsal and ventral rami have somewhat specific regions of innervation.
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| Territories of Innervation | show 🗑
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| show | -31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1* coccygeal (4 fused bones).
-almost all these nerves occupy intervertebral (neural) foramen btw 2 vertebrae.
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| How Spinal nerves are named | show 🗑
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| Dermatome | show 🗑
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| show | The mass of muscle innervated with a high component of a single spinal nerve.
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Created by:
Kanarema
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