U2: Muscles II
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| Muscles that act on the Anterior and Lateral abdominal wall and trunk | walls have fascia, 4 pairs of sheet-like muscles-rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis. Offer support, flex of trunk & column, lateral bend & rotate, increase pressure.
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| Rectus abdominis | most medial & anterior of ab wall/trunk muscles. Runs vertically along anterior abdomen; compression of abdomen (childbirth, vomiting, defecation, situps)
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| External oblique | most superficial of anterolateral aspect of ab wall; fibers run at an angle; compresses abdomen, helps rotate and laterally bend trunk.
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| Internal oblique | anterolateral ab wall between external oblique & transversus abdominis; fibers run at an angle; compresses abdomen, helps rotate and laterally bend trunk.
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| Transversus abdominis | deepest of anterolateral ab muscles; fibers run horizontally; compresses abdomen
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| Muscles used in breathing | diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals
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| Diaphragm | used in breathing; thoracic cavity floor. Relaxed=dome shaped;contracted=flat,primary muscle for inhalation/inspiration;voluntary (forced breath)/involuntary. Phrenic nerve innervation. Can increase intra-abdominal pressure
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| External intercostals | between ribs; elevate ribs, thus increasing volume of thoracic & pleural cavities & facilitating inspiration; synergists of diaphragm
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| Internal intercostals | between ribs, but run at opposite angle of external intercostals; depress ribs during forced expiration (exhalation)
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| Muscles of Pelvic Floor | include pelvic diaphragm, urogentical diaphragm, both are sheets of muscles that support pelvic organs (uterus, urinary bladder)
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| Muscles that move the shoulder | pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius, rhomboids
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| Pectoralis minor | deep to pectoralis major in upper chest; insertion is scapula; protracts (pulls forward) shoulder, specifically the scapula
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| Serratus anterior | “boxer’s muscle”-deep and inferior to pectoral muscles on lateral aspect of rib cage; runs from lateral chest toward shoulder; insertion is scapula. Protracts (pulls forward) shoulder, esp. scapula
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| Trapezius | large, superficial muscle in upper & middle back; upper fibers run inferiorly toward scapula, middle run horizontally toward scapula, lower run superiorly toward scapula. Insertion-scapula. Elevates, depresses, adducts, retracts scapula and shoulder
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| Rhomboids | two rectangular muscles lying deep to trapezius; insertion is scapula; along with middle fibers of trapezius, retract scapula thereby “squaring shoulders”
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| Muscles that move arm (humerus) | pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuff muscles
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| Pectoralis major | large, superficial muscle of chest; insertion is humerus; flexes & adducts arm; pulls arm forward across chest
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| Latissimus dorsi | broad, flat, superficial muscle that extends from lower back to upper arm; insertion humerus; extends and adducts arm; draws arm backward and downward
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| Deltoid | forms much of fleshy portion of the shoulder area; common site for intramuscular injections. Insertion-deltoid tuberosity of humerus; abducts arm
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| Rotator cuff | four different specific muscles-supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis; muscles & tendons strengthen, stabilize shoulder joint; form nearly complete circle around shoulder joint
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| Supraspinatus | muscle of rotator cuff; lies superior to scapular spine on posterior scapula; deep to trapezius; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula and thereby stabilizes shoulder joint
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| Infraspinatus | muscle of rotator cuff; lies inferior to scapular spine on posterior scapula; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula and thereby stabilizes shoulder joint.
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| Teres minor | muscle of rotator cuff; small muscle inferior to infraspinatus; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula and thereby stabilizes shoulder joint
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| Subscapularis | muscle of rotator cuff; lies against anterior aspect of scapula; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula and thereby stabilizes shoulder joint
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| Muscles that move forearm | insert on radius or ulna; sheets of fascia separate the muscles in arm into anterior & posterior compartments; anterior-flexors of forearm; posterior-extend. Biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator teres
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| Biceps brachii | two-headed superficial muscle in anterior arm; origin-2 parts of scapula, one of which is coracoid process; insertion-radial tuberosity; action-flexes forearm
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| Brachialis | lies deep to biceps brachii in anterior arm; flexes forearm, synergist of biceps brachii.
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| Triceps brachii | three headed muscle in posterior arm; insertion is olecranon process of ulna; extends forearm
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| Brachioradialis | superficial, lateral forearm; forms lateral border of cubital fossa; extends from distal humerus to distal radius; insertion is styloid process on distal radius; flexes forearm; synergist of biceps brachii and brachialis
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| Supinator | deep forearm; insertion is radius; supination (turns forward and palm forward or upward)
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| Pronator teres | located in anterior forearm; insertion is radius; pronation (turns forearms and palm backward or downward)
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| Muscles that move the hand (wrist/carpals, palm/metacarpals, fingers/phalanges) | most muscles located in forearm; have long tendons that extend to hand, primarily allowing them to flex and extend wrist and fingers.
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| Flexors of the wrist and fingers | in anterior forearm; mainly innervated by median nerve; include flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris
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| Extensors of the wrist and fingers | located in posterior forearm; innervated by radial nerve; include extensor carpi radialis (extends wrist); extensor digitorum (digits except thumb); extensor carpi ulnaris (wrist)
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| Muscles that move the thigh (femur) and/or leg (tibia) | iliopsoas, Sartorius, quadriceps femoris muscle group, tensor fascia latae, gracilis, adductor muscle group, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, hamstring muscle group
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| Iliopsoas | muscle that moves thigh and/or leg. Composite of 2 muscles, iliacus & psoas major, which exten from the ilium and vertebral column, respectively, to the anterior thigh.
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| Iliacus | origin-ilium of hip bone; insertion-femur; action-flexion of thigh
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| Psoas major | origin-lumar vertebrae; insertion-femur; action-flexion of thigh; cut of meat-tenderloin
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| Sartorius | strap-like superficial muscle that runs obliquely across anterior surface of thigh to knee. Action-helps produce cross legged position
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| Quadriceps femoris muscle group | 4 muscles that form bulk of front & sides of thigh; all have a common tendon that extends to patella, then patellar ligament extends to tibial tuberosity. Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
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| Rectus femoris | part of quadriceps femoris muscle group; superficial muscle of anterior thigh; runs straight down thigh; insertion-tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament; extends leg; innervation-femoral nerve
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| Vastus lateralis | part of quadriceps femoris muscle group;forms lateral aspect of thigh; common site for intramuscular injections, esp. in children; insertion-tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament; extends leg; innervation-femoral nerve
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| Vastus medialis | part of quadriceps femoris muscle group; forms inferomedial aspect of thigh; insertion-tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament; extends leg; innervation-femoral nerve
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| Vasus intermedius | part of quadriceps femoris muscle group; lies between vastus lateralis & vastus medialis; deep to rectus femoris; insertion-tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament; extends leg; innervation-femoral nerve
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| Tensor fasciae latae | located in anterolateral thigh, insertion-iliotibial tract/band
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| Gracilis | long, thin, superficial muscle of most medial aspect of thigh; adduction of thigh.
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| Adductor muscle group | muscle group located in medial thigh; all in this group insert on femur, adduct thigh, and are used to press thighs together; strain of this group is a “pulled groin;” includes adductor longus and adductor magnus
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| Gluteus maximus | largest and most superficial of butt muscles; forms most of buttock mass; overlies sciatic nerve. Insertion-gluteal tuberosity on posterior femur; extends thigh
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| Gluteus medius | lateral part of butt; common site for intramuscular injections; insertion-lateral femur (specifically greater trochanter); abducts thigh
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| Hamstring muscle group | 3 muscles that form bulk of posterior thigh; strained “pulled” hamstrings-common sports injury in hard-running athletes. Includes biceps femoris, semitendinosus; semimembranosus
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| Biceps femoris | most lateral member of hamstring muscle group; origin-ischial tuberosity, insertion-tibia; flexion of leg and extension of thigh; innervation-sciatic nerve
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| Semitendinosus | part of hamstring group; lateral to biceps femoris; origin-ischial tuberosity; insertion-tibia; flexion of leg and extension of thigh; innervation-sciatic nerve
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| Semimembranosus | part of hamstring group; lies deep to semitendinosus; origin-ishcial tuberosity; insertion-tibia; flexion of leg and extension of thigh; innervation-sciatic nerve
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| Muscles that move the foot | most muscles are located in leg; sheets of fascia separate these leg muscles into anterior, lateral, posterior compartments; in ankle, bands of fascia are arranged like ankle bracelets & help hold distal tendons of these muscles in place.
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| Tibialis anterior | muscle that moves foot; superficial, anterior leg; immediately lateral to tibia’s anterior crest; insertion-some foot bones; dorsiflexes foot; swelling of tibialis anterior and associated pain=shin splints
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| Extensor digitorum longus | muscle that moves foot; lateral to tibialis anterior; extends all toes, except big toe (hallux)
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| Gastrocnemius | muscle that moves foot; large superficial muscle of posterior leg (calf); insertion-calcaneus via calcaneal/Achilles tendon; plantar flexes foot
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| Soleus | muscle that moves foot; lies deep to gastrocnemius; insertion-calcaneus via calcaneal/Achilles tendon; plantar flexes foot
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| Charley horse | common sports injury characterized by tearing of a muscle , bleeding into the surrounding tissues, and severe pain
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