rubenstein vocab
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| Acid deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid - and return to Earth's surface.
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| Acid precipitation | conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.
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| Active solar energy systems | Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors.
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| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
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| Agricultural density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
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| Agricultural revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
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| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
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| Air pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.
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| Animate power | Power suplied by people or animals
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| Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
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| Annexation | Legally adding land area to a city in the United States
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| Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
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| Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area.
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| Autonomous religion | A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
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| Balance of power | Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
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| Balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.
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| Balkanized | A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-sanding antagonisms toward each other.
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| Base line | An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
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| Basic Industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
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| Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) | Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste: a measure of water pollution.
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| Biodiversity | The number of species within a specific habitat.
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| Biomass Fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.
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| Blockbusting | A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.
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| Boundary | Invisible Line that marks the extent of a state's territory.
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| Brain Drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people.
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| Branch (of a religion) | A large and fundamental division within a religion.
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| Break-of-bulk point | A location where tranfer is possible form one mode of transportation ot another.
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| Breeder reactor | A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium.
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| British Received Pronunciation (BRP) | The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the lOndon area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.
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| Bulk-gaining Industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.
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| Bulk-reducing industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
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| Business Services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses.
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| Cartography | The science of making maps.
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| Caste | The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
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| Census Tract | An area delineated by the U.S Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
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| Census | A complete enumeration of a population.
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| Central Business District (CBD) | The area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered.
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| Central place theory | Larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are wiling to travel farther.
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| central Place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
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| Centripetal Force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
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| Cereal grain | A grass yielding grain for food.
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| Chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing.
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| Chain Migration | Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the nationality previously migrated there.
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| Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
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| Circulation | Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.
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| City-State | A sovereign state comprising a city and it immediate hinterland.
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| Clustered Rural Settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
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| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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| Colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
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| Combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field.
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| Commercial Agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate product for sale off the farm.
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| Compact State | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
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| Concentration | The spread of something over a given area.
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| Concentric Zone Model | A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
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| Connection | Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
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| Conservation | The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced.
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| Consumer Services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services.
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| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.
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| Cosmogony | A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
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| Cottage industry |
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