ARH 207 Miderm1
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| Rasa | aesthetic principle of Indian art
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| Veda | (lit: Knowledge) Sanskrit religious texts of the Vedic religion (early phase of Hinduism)
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| Rig Veda | the most important Veda (c. 1300 BC) containing hymns in praise of various Vedic gods
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| Surya | Vedic God of the Sun
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| Agni | Vedic God of the Fire
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| Upanishad | (from the 4th century BC) Sanskrit philosophical texts
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| Four goals of life | • Dharma: religious duty
• Artha: ethical pursuit of one’s profession
• Kama: familial and sexual/marital love
• Moksha: liberation from rebirth
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| Dharma | religious duty (4 goals of life)
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| Artha | ethical pursuit of one’s profession (4 goals of life)
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| Kama | familial and sexual/marital love (4 goals of life)
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| Moksha | liberation from rebirth (4 goals of life)
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| Pashupati | “Lord of Cattle,” epithet of God Shiva
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| Arya | noble
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| Sanskrit | classical language of India. Ancient Indo-European language
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| Four castes | • Priest (brahman or brahmin)
• Warrior (kshatriya)
• Merchants (vaishya)
• Labourers (shudras)
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| Siddhartha | name of the Buddha before the enlightenment
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| Maya | mother of the Buddha
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| Lumbini | place of birth of the Buddha
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| Sarnath | place of the first sermon of Buddha
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| Bodhi | enlightenment.
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| Bodhi tree | tree under which the Buddha attained the enlightenment in Bodhgaya
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| Dhamma | (also Dharma) Buddha’s doctrine
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| Samgha | Buddhist monastic community
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| Ashoka | (272 – 231 BC) Great emperor of the Maurya Dynasty
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| Pataliputra | (today’s Patna in Bihar, India) capital of the Mauryan Empire
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| Pradakshina | Circumambulatory path
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| Important parts of a stupa | • Mound
• Vedika: railing
• Torana: portal
• Harmika: small railing enclosing the parasol on the top of a stupa
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| Vedika | railing (part of stupa)
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| Torana | portal (part of stupa)
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| Harmika | small railing enclosing the parasol on the top of a stupa (part of stupa)
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| Jataka | Tales concerning the previous lives of the Buddha
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| Brahmi script | early script of India used also by Ashoka in his edicts
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| Kharoshti script | early script of India used in the Gandhara region
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| Kanishka | great King of the Kushana Dynasty (c. 50-320 AD)
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| Iconographic features of the iconic Buddha | • Ushnisha: cranial bump
• Urna: curl of hair resting between the eyebrows
• Halo: sign of divinity
• Mudra: position of the hands (like dharma-chakra-mudra)
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| Ushnisha | cranial bump (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha)
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| Urna | curl of hair resting between the eyebrows (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha)
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| Halo | sign of divinity (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha)
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| Mudra | position of the hands (like dharma-chakra-mudra) (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha)
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| Bodhisattva | compassionate being on the threshold of enlightenment
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| Yakshi | semi-divine female figure associated with fertility
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| Dharmachakra | wheel (chakra) of Buddhist law (dharma)
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| Chaitya | apsidal Buddhist chapel
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| Vihara | Monastic residential hall for Buddhist monks
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| Mithuna | loving couple
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| Shivalinga | aniconic or unmanifest representation of Shiva as a phallic symbol or linga
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| Shiva Ardhanarishvara | Shiva represented as half woman and half man
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| Bull Nand | Shiva’s vehicle
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| Mount Kailasa | Himalaya Mountain’s peak considered the abode of God Shiva
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| Ravana | ten-headed and twenty-armed demon of the Ramayana (Hindu Epic)
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| Puranas | (ancient writings): Sanskrit religious texts of Hinduism containing myths of various gods
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| Two great Sanskrit Epics of India | • Mahabharata: with a section called the Bhagavadgita
• Ramayana: adventures of God Rama
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| Mahabharata | with a section called the Bhagavadgita (great Sanskrit of India)
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| Ramayana | adventures of God Rama (great Sanskrit of India)
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| Vaishnavism or Vaishnava tradition | cults related to god Vishnu and his avataras or incarnations (Rama, Krishna, Varaha or boar incarnation, Nara-simha or man-lion)
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| Shaivism or Shaiva tradition | cults related to god Shiva
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| Shaktism or Shakta tradition | cults related to the goddess (Shakti or Devi) in all her aspects (Kali, Lakshmi, Durga, Parvati)
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| Darshan | viewing the image of a god
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| Puja | worship
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| Garuda | Mount or vehicle of Vishnu
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| Garbha-grha | womb house, sanctum of Hindu temple
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| Mandapa | pavilion of Hindu temple
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| Nagara temple | North Indian temple
• Shikhara: roof of north Indian temple
• Amalaka: crowning element of shikhara
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| Shikhara | roof of north Indian temple (Nagara Temple)
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| Amalaka | crowning element of shikhara (Nagara Temple)
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| Dravida temple | South Indian temple with pyramidal roof named Vimana
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| Vimana | pyramidal roof of the South Indian temple
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| Vastu Purusha Mandala | Mystic diagram and geometric map of the cosmos used in Hindu temple architecture
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| Mahavira | founder of Jainism. Mahavira was also called Jina or “Victorious” after attaining the enlightenment
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| Kalpasutra | Jaina/Jain text narrating the lives of the Jinas
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| Important Dynasties | Shunga Dynasty: 2nd-1st century BC
Satavahana Dynasty: 2nd-1st century BC – 4th AD
Kushana Dynasty: c. 50-320 AD
Vakataka Dynasty: 4th-5th century AD
Gupta Dynasty: c. 320-647 AD
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| Shunga Dynasty | 2nd-1st century BC
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| Satavahana Dynasty | 2nd-1st century BC – 4th AD
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| Kushana Dynasty | c. 50-320 AD
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| Vakataka Dynasty | 4th-5th century AD
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| Gupta Dynasty | c. 320-647 AD
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