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ARH 207 Miderm1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rasa | aesthetic principle of Indian art |
| Veda | (lit: Knowledge) Sanskrit religious texts of the Vedic religion (early phase of Hinduism) |
| Rig Veda | the most important Veda (c. 1300 BC) containing hymns in praise of various Vedic gods |
| Surya | Vedic God of the Sun |
| Agni | Vedic God of the Fire |
| Upanishad | (from the 4th century BC) Sanskrit philosophical texts |
| Four goals of life | • Dharma: religious duty • Artha: ethical pursuit of one’s profession • Kama: familial and sexual/marital love • Moksha: liberation from rebirth |
| Dharma | religious duty (4 goals of life) |
| Artha | ethical pursuit of one’s profession (4 goals of life) |
| Kama | familial and sexual/marital love (4 goals of life) |
| Moksha | liberation from rebirth (4 goals of life) |
| Pashupati | “Lord of Cattle,” epithet of God Shiva |
| Arya | noble |
| Sanskrit | classical language of India. Ancient Indo-European language |
| Four castes | • Priest (brahman or brahmin) • Warrior (kshatriya) • Merchants (vaishya) • Labourers (shudras) |
| Siddhartha | name of the Buddha before the enlightenment |
| Maya | mother of the Buddha |
| Lumbini | place of birth of the Buddha |
| Sarnath | place of the first sermon of Buddha |
| Bodhi | enlightenment. |
| Bodhi tree | tree under which the Buddha attained the enlightenment in Bodhgaya |
| Dhamma | (also Dharma) Buddha’s doctrine |
| Samgha | Buddhist monastic community |
| Ashoka | (272 – 231 BC) Great emperor of the Maurya Dynasty |
| Pataliputra | (today’s Patna in Bihar, India) capital of the Mauryan Empire |
| Pradakshina | Circumambulatory path |
| Important parts of a stupa | • Mound • Vedika: railing • Torana: portal • Harmika: small railing enclosing the parasol on the top of a stupa |
| Vedika | railing (part of stupa) |
| Torana | portal (part of stupa) |
| Harmika | small railing enclosing the parasol on the top of a stupa (part of stupa) |
| Jataka | Tales concerning the previous lives of the Buddha |
| Brahmi script | early script of India used also by Ashoka in his edicts |
| Kharoshti script | early script of India used in the Gandhara region |
| Kanishka | great King of the Kushana Dynasty (c. 50-320 AD) |
| Iconographic features of the iconic Buddha | • Ushnisha: cranial bump • Urna: curl of hair resting between the eyebrows • Halo: sign of divinity • Mudra: position of the hands (like dharma-chakra-mudra) |
| Ushnisha | cranial bump (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha) |
| Urna | curl of hair resting between the eyebrows (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha) |
| Halo | sign of divinity (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha) |
| Mudra | position of the hands (like dharma-chakra-mudra) (iconographic feature of iconic Buddha) |
| Bodhisattva | compassionate being on the threshold of enlightenment |
| Yakshi | semi-divine female figure associated with fertility |
| Dharmachakra | wheel (chakra) of Buddhist law (dharma) |
| Chaitya | apsidal Buddhist chapel |
| Vihara | Monastic residential hall for Buddhist monks |
| Mithuna | loving couple |
| Shivalinga | aniconic or unmanifest representation of Shiva as a phallic symbol or linga |
| Shiva Ardhanarishvara | Shiva represented as half woman and half man |
| Bull Nand | Shiva’s vehicle |
| Mount Kailasa | Himalaya Mountain’s peak considered the abode of God Shiva |
| Ravana | ten-headed and twenty-armed demon of the Ramayana (Hindu Epic) |
| Puranas | (ancient writings): Sanskrit religious texts of Hinduism containing myths of various gods |
| Two great Sanskrit Epics of India | • Mahabharata: with a section called the Bhagavadgita • Ramayana: adventures of God Rama |
| Mahabharata | with a section called the Bhagavadgita (great Sanskrit of India) |
| Ramayana | adventures of God Rama (great Sanskrit of India) |
| Vaishnavism or Vaishnava tradition | cults related to god Vishnu and his avataras or incarnations (Rama, Krishna, Varaha or boar incarnation, Nara-simha or man-lion) |
| Shaivism or Shaiva tradition | cults related to god Shiva |
| Shaktism or Shakta tradition | cults related to the goddess (Shakti or Devi) in all her aspects (Kali, Lakshmi, Durga, Parvati) |
| Darshan | viewing the image of a god |
| Puja | worship |
| Garuda | Mount or vehicle of Vishnu |
| Garbha-grha | womb house, sanctum of Hindu temple |
| Mandapa | pavilion of Hindu temple |
| Nagara temple | North Indian temple • Shikhara: roof of north Indian temple • Amalaka: crowning element of shikhara |
| Shikhara | roof of north Indian temple (Nagara Temple) |
| Amalaka | crowning element of shikhara (Nagara Temple) |
| Dravida temple | South Indian temple with pyramidal roof named Vimana |
| Vimana | pyramidal roof of the South Indian temple |
| Vastu Purusha Mandala | Mystic diagram and geometric map of the cosmos used in Hindu temple architecture |
| Mahavira | founder of Jainism. Mahavira was also called Jina or “Victorious” after attaining the enlightenment |
| Kalpasutra | Jaina/Jain text narrating the lives of the Jinas |
| Important Dynasties | Shunga Dynasty: 2nd-1st century BC Satavahana Dynasty: 2nd-1st century BC – 4th AD Kushana Dynasty: c. 50-320 AD Vakataka Dynasty: 4th-5th century AD Gupta Dynasty: c. 320-647 AD |
| Shunga Dynasty | 2nd-1st century BC |
| Satavahana Dynasty | 2nd-1st century BC – 4th AD |
| Kushana Dynasty | c. 50-320 AD |
| Vakataka Dynasty | 4th-5th century AD |
| Gupta Dynasty | c. 320-647 AD |
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