Cards that cover all 25 lectures
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| What is a major source of energy for the body? | show 🗑
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| show | Starch
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| Simple sugars that contain four to eight carbons and only one aldehyde or ketone group | show 🗑
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| What type of sugars can give up electrons? | show 🗑
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| What are examples of monosaccharides? | show 🗑
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| Formed by the interaction of two monosaccharides with the loss of a water molecule | show 🗑
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| show | Disaccharides
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| show | maltose lactose and sucrose
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| show | Polysaccharides
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| show | Starch and Glycogen
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| What breaks down ingested starches into disaccharides? | show 🗑
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| Monosaccharides are broken down by _______ | show 🗑
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| show | Monosaccharides
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| Where is glycogen stored in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | Glycogenesis
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| show | Glycogenolysis
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| Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. (Embden-Meyerhof pathway and Krebs' cycle) | show 🗑
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| show | Insulin
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| show | Glucagon
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| show | Epinephrine
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| show | Growth Hormone and Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| show | Glucocorticoids
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| show | Thyroid hormones
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| What effect does insulin have on glucose levels? | show 🗑
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| What effect does glucagon have on glucose levels? | show 🗑
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| What effect does epinephrine have on glucose levels? | show 🗑
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| show | growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone increase glucose levels
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| What effect does glucocorticoids have on glucose levels? | show 🗑
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| show | thyroid hormone will increase blood glucose levels
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| This disorder occurs when fasting blood sugar level rises higher than 110 mg/dl due to a pathological disorder, such as diabetes or liver failure | show 🗑
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| show | Hypoglycemia
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| show | hormone deficiency, drug reaction, insulin excess, or a genetic disorder
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| Sugar in the urine | show 🗑
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| show | Glycosuria
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| Acute state with hyperglycemia and ketosis. Caused by an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. | show 🗑
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| Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide to eventually form a colored product. Falsely low results are caused by high serum levels of uric acid, bilirubin, or ascorbic acid | show 🗑
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| Glucose becomes phosphorylated and dehydrogenated to eventually form NADPH | show 🗑
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| show | Glucose Tolerance Test
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| This test is used to evaluate diabetes. A fasting blood specimen and a specimen taken 2 hours after breakfast are collected. | show 🗑
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| Organic compounds that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. | show 🗑
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| Proteins are composed of what? | show 🗑
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| How much essential amino acids be supplied? | show 🗑
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| What are the essential amino acids? | show 🗑
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| show | Ketoacids
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| Glycogenic to generate glucose precursors or Ketogenic to generate ketone bodies: | show 🗑
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| Inherited disorder causing lack of phenylalanine to tyrosine, which results in the formation of phenylpyruvate | show 🗑
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| show | Maple Syrup urine disease (MSUD)
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| show | Homocysteinuria
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| Responsible for osmotic pressure of plasma and serves as a transport protein. | show 🗑
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| Immunoglobulins are _____ in water | show 🗑
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| show | In the liver (serum proteins) or by B-cells (immunoglobulins)
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| Where does protein catabolism take place? | show 🗑
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| Peptide chains that hydrolyze to amino acids | show 🗑
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| Composed of protein and a nonprotein substance, such as lipid, carbohydrate, or metals | show 🗑
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| What are the functions of protein? | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes
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| show | Composed of a specific amino acid sequence (primary), which results in a stearic arrangement (secondary) that becomes folded (tertiary)
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| show | a substrate and an allosteric site
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| Catalyze an oxidation-reduction reaction. Examples include lactate dehydrogenase and G6PD | show 🗑
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| show | Transferases
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| Expresses the relationship between the velocity of any enzymatic reaction and the substrate concentration. | show 🗑
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| show | Km
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| show | V = Vmax [S] / ( Km + [S] )
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| show | First-order kinetics
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| show | Zero-order kinetics
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| show | Enzyme Concentration
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| Each enzyme operates maximally at a specific ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Increased temperature increases the rate by increasing the movement of molecules
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| How does the cofactor concentration affect the velocity of an enzymatic reaction? | show 🗑
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| Binds to the active site of the enzyme, causing Km to increase | show 🗑
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| Binds at a place other than the active site, causing Vmax to decrease | show 🗑
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| Binds to the ES complex; both Vmax and Km decrease | show 🗑
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| How can enzyme activity be measured? | show 🗑
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| show | Endpoint measurements
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| show | Kinetic measurements
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| show | International Unit of enzyme Activity
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| Hydrolyzes phosphate esters, but the function of this enzyme is relatively unknown | show 🗑
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| show | Liver, bone, intestines, kidney, and placenta
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| show | Decreased values
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| How can a hemolyzed sample affect an ALP value? | show 🗑
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| What is the diagnostic significance of ALP? | show 🗑
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| show | Bone, liver, intestinal, and placental fractions
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| Transfers an amino group between aspartate and keto acids. Vitamin B6 is the coenzyme in this reaction | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac tissue, liver, skeletal muscles, and RBCs
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| Catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate with the formation of glutamate and pyruvate. | show 🗑
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| show | Liver, some in the heart, skeletal muscle, and RBCs
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| Clinical significance of ALT | show 🗑
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| show | Creatine Kinase
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| CK is involved in the storage of what? | show 🗑
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| Where is CK localized? | show 🗑
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| show | Elevation in muscle disorders. CK and one of its isoenzymes is a sensitive indicator of acute myocardial infarction and muscular distrophy.
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| Catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acids. It is a hydrogen-transfer enzyme that uses the coenzyme NAD. | show 🗑
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| Where is LD distrubuted? | show 🗑
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| show | Diagnosis of cardiac, hepatic, skeletal, muscle, and renal disease. Highest LD levels are seen in persons with pernicious anemia, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and crush injuries.
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| show | Gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT)
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| show | Tissues ( Kidneys, brain, prostate, pancreas, and liver.) Urine contains a significant amount
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| GGT is measured by what method? | show 🗑
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| show | Elevated in almost all hepatobiliary disorders or biliary tract obstruction as well as in patients taking enzyme-inducing drugs like warfarin, phenobarbital, and dilatin
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| show | Increased GGT levels
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| This enzyme is useful in the detection of alcoholism and the monitoring of alcohol intake by patients during treatment | show 🗑
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| show | Amylase (AMS)
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| Where is AMS distributed? | show 🗑
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| show | Useful in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. AMS levels rise 2 to 12 hours after the onset of an attack and peak at 24 hours.
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| The measurement of radiant energy absorbed by a solution. This measurement can be related to the concentration of a substance in the solution. | show 🗑
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| This measures the concentration through the detection of absorbance of electromagnetic radiation by atoms instead of molecules. It is used to measure concentration of metals that are not easily excited | show 🗑
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| the number of moles of particle per kilogram of water and depends only on the number of particles, not the types present. | show 🗑
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| Migration of charged particles in some medium when an electrical field is applied. Depending on the charge of the molecules, negatively charged particles migrate toward the positive electrode (anode) and positive charged move to the negative (cathode) | show 🗑
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| show | Charge of molecule
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| show | Size of the molecule
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| In electrophoresis, increased current increases what? | show 🗑
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| show | migration rate
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| show | Slows it down
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| show | Immunoassay
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| Technique used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interactions between the individual compounds and the stationary phase of the system. The goal is to produce "fractions" for quantitation. | show 🗑
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| Semi-quantitative screening method | show 🗑
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| Layer of absorbent material is coated on a piece of glass. spots of sample are applied. solvent is placed in container and migrates up the thin layer by capillary action. | show 🗑
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| show | Rf = Distance component moves / (total distance - distance solvent front moves)
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| show | High Performance Liquid Chromatography
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| Separates mixtures of volatile compounds. Solvent is a gas, sample is vaporized, and detectors are thermal conductivity or flame ionization. | show 🗑
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| Used in drug identification. Special detector can be used to measure the fragmentation patterns of ions. | show 🗑
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| show | Urea, Creatinine, uric acid
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| show | Liver
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| Involved with processing lipids. Composed of bile acids, salts, pigments, and cholesterol. | show 🗑
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| Where are bile salts formed? | show 🗑
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| show | Gall-bladder
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| show | Bilirubin
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| How is hemoglobin broken down? | show 🗑
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| Bilirubin found in the liver that is water soluble | show 🗑
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| show | Conjugated bilirubin
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| show | jaundice
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| show | PREHEPATIC jaundice
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| Present in people with hepatobiliary disease. This disorder exhibits increases in both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin levels. | show 🗑
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| show | POST HEPATIC jaundice
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| show | Cirrhosis
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| Liver destruction caused by viral infection, although the etiology of this disease is unknown. Ammonia accumulates in the liver and blood. | show 🗑
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| Defined as inflammation of the liver and subsequent hepatocellular damage caused by bacterial infection, drugs, toxins, or viral infections. | show 🗑
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| show | Hepatitis A
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| show | Hepatitis B
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| Transmitted parenterally through blood transfusions, body piercings, and inoculations and has become more common. Leading cause of liver disease. | show 🗑
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| The GI Tract is composed of what 5 regions? | show 🗑
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| show | Intrinsic Factor
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| Highly vascularized organ connected to the small intestine by the ampulla of Vater. Considered to be both an endocrine gland that synthesizes hormones and exocrine gland that provides digestive enzymes to aid in digestion | show 🗑
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| What type of cells produce glucagon? | show 🗑
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| What type of cells are responsible for making insulin? | show 🗑
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| show | delta cells
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| Breaks down starch and glycogen and is used to diagnose acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| show | Lipase
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| show | trypsin
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| Autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by pulmonary disease and intestinal malabsorption caused by lack of pancreatic enzyme secretions | show 🗑
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| show | Pancreatitis
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| show | Diabetes Mellitus
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| Fatal disease that affects the ducts in the pancreas. Insulinoma is a tumor of the beta cells in the islets that leads to increased circulating insulin and hypoglycemia | show 🗑
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| show | Secretin test
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| show | Quantitative fecal fat examination
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| What specimen is collected for a Quantitative fecal fat examination | show 🗑
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| show | Sweat electrolytes
🗑
|
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| What is used to stimulate sweating on the skin during a sweat electrolyte test? | show 🗑
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| show | 6.5 to 8.3 g / dL
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| Most widely used method of protein determination | show 🗑
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| Cupric (Cu 2+) ions react with peptide bonds to form a violet color proportional to the number of peptide bonds present | show 🗑
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| Based on the ability of proteins to bind dyes. Albumin binds dyes with the strongest affinity | show 🗑
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| Caused by kidney disease, blood loss, malnutrition, and liver disease | show 🗑
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| Observed in people with dehydration or excess production of gamma-globulins | show 🗑
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| Caused by a variety of disorders, including a poor diet, liver dysfunction, GI inflammation, and renal disease | show 🗑
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| show | haptoglobin
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| show | Ceruloplasmin
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| show | Transferrin
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| show | Immunoglobulin
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| Ions capable of carrying an electric charge | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium
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|
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| Essential for transmitting nerve impulses | show 🗑
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| show | Renin-ADH system
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| Low blood volume induces secretion of renin, which induces production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands | show 🗑
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| show | hyponatremia
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| show | hyponatremia
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| show | hypernatremia
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| Major intracellular cation that regulates activity at the neuromuscular junction, as well as cardiac muscle contraction and pH. | show 🗑
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| show | dietary intake
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| Induces potassium reabsorption and secretion by the renal tubules by exchanging it for sodium | show 🗑
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| Low serum potassium, result of decreased dietary intake, gastrointestinal loss, or renal dysfunction. Can produced irregular heartbeat | show 🗑
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| show | Hyperkalemia
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| Major extracellular anion. Acts to maintain osmotic pressure, keeps body hydrated, and maintains electric neutrality via interaction with sodium or carbon dioxide | show 🗑
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| Moves chloride into RBCs as bicarbonate diffuses out to produce electro neutrality | show 🗑
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| Caused by salt loss during renal disease , diabetic ketoacidosis, or prolonged vomiting | show 🗑
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| Caused by dehydration, acute renal failure, prolonged diarrhea with loss of sodium bicarbonate, and salicylate intoxication | show 🗑
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| show | Bicarbonate
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| Major component of the blood buffering system. Accounts for 90% of total blood carbon dioxide, and maintains charge neutrality in the cell. | show 🗑
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| show | Kidneys
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| show | Ion selective electrodes
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| Silver ions are combined with chloride. Excess free silver ions are noted, elapsed time is relative to the chloride concentration | show 🗑
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| Difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations. Normal range is 6 to 18 mmol. | show 🗑
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| Calculation of an Anion Gap | show 🗑
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| show | Acid-Base balance
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|
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| Three physiological buffers act to maintain a constant pH : | show 🗑
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| show | renal system
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| show | pH = pK + log ( cA / cHA )
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| show | Respiratory Acidosis
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| Results from an increase in ventilation, resulting in excessive elimination of carbon dioxide. Compensation occurs by the kidneys excreting more bicarbonate. | show 🗑
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| Occurs in many disorders and results in a decrease in bicarb levels. The lungs compensate by hyperventilating. | show 🗑
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| Produced in many disorders and results from an increase in bicarb levels. Lungs compenstate by hypoventilation | show 🗑
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| These substances arise from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids | show 🗑
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| Major excretory product of protein metabolism and is synthesized in the liver from carbon dioxide and ammonia arising from the deamination of amino acids. Excreted by the kidneys | show 🗑
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| Typically caused by decreased renal blood flow to the kidneys from congestive heart failure, shock, dehydration, decrease in blood volume, greater protein breakdown, or high-protein diet | show 🗑
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| show | Renal Azotemia
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| show | Postrenal Azotemia
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|
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| show | Uremia
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| show | Creatine
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| Anhydrous state of Creatine, which is excreted into the plasma in an amount proportional to muscle mass and then excreted in the urine. | show 🗑
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| Involves the reaction of Creatinine with picric acid to form a reddish chromogen. Absorbance is measured colorimetrically | show 🗑
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| Uses various enzymes and hydrogen peroxide to form a colored product | show 🗑
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| Estimate of the GFR obtained by measuring plasma Creatinine and its excretion into urine. Test requires a 24 hour urine specimen and blood sample for serum Creatinine determination. | show 🗑
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| Calculate Creatinine Clearance | show 🗑
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| show | 10 to 20 : 1
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|
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| show | Elevation of BUN is caused by Prerenal rather than renal causes
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| Synthesized in the liver from the breakdown of nucleic acids and transported to the kidneys for reabsorption | show 🗑
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| show | gout, increased nuclear breakdown, renal disease, or toxemia of pregnancy
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|
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| A decreased uric acid level is indicative of what? | show 🗑
|
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| Formed by the deamination of amino acids. Used by the liver to produce urea and is not excreted by the kidneys | show 🗑
|
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| show | severe liver dysfunction or inadequate blood circulation through the liver
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|
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| show | RED BLOOD CELL
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|
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| In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, is the gastric level increased or decreased: | show 🗑
|
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| show | Vitamin D
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most reliable method for methanol determination: | show 🗑
|
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| What term describes a decreased serum sodium: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | NO EFFECT
🗑
|
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| What are the two end products of sucrose hydrolysis: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | TRANSPORTATION
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|
||||
| What solvents are used to extract the color due to Urobilinogen in the Watson-Swartz test?: | show 🗑
|
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| A patient has a blood pH of 7.23 and a pCO2 of 69 mm hg , what state is demonstrated by their values? | show 🗑
|
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| What is hypernatremia: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the hydrogen-ion selective membrane made of on the pH electrode: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Kidney
🗑
|
||||
| Bromcrestle green is used for the determination of what protein: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is the serum lipase level in cystic fibrosis increased or decreased: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | INTESTINES, LIVER, BONE, PLACENTA
🗑
|
||||
| In a full term pregnancy is the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio of 4:1 NL or ABNL: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | STIMULATE
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|
||||
| show | TYROSINE
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|
||||
| What is a zwitter ion: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What organ produces albumin: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CHLORIDE & BICARBONATE
🗑
|
||||
| show | BODY SURFACE AREA
🗑
|
||||
| What alkaline reaction combines protein peptide bonds with copper ions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | INDIRECTLY
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|
||||
| show | DECREASED
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|
||||
| show | HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION
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|
||||
| What does the Zimmerman reaction measure: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Calcitonin has the opposite effect of what hormone: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What hormone lowers the level of Ca and Phosphate in the plasma and inhibits bone resorption: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What substance is analyzed using the phospho-tungstic acid: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cation is most prevalent in normal human plasma: | show 🗑
|
||||
| In metabolic acidosis, is patient bicarb NL, INC, or DEC? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In what form is CO2 mainly transported in the blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What serum electrophoretic pattern is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is serum iron increased or decreased in hemolytic anemia: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Amino glycoside toxicity is associated with what organ: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What pigment is formed from the oxidation of Urobilinogen: | show 🗑
|
||||
| How is the level of thyroid binding globulin affected by pregnancy?: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | INCREASED
🗑
|
||||
| Porphobilinogen is formed by the dehydrogenation of what acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| What form of bilirubin is carried by albumin in the blood and is insoluble in water? : | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the function of Creatinine in the body: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DECREASED
🗑
|
||||
| Does hyperventilation occur in respiratory acidosis or alkalosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | COPPER
🗑
|
||||
| What is the specific site of epinephrine synthesis: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PITUTARY GLAND
🗑
|
||||
| show | NITROGEN, HYDROGEN, CARBON, OXYGEN
🗑
|
||||
| Does pancreatic insufficiency exhibit an abnormal d-zylose? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is a urine arsenic level of 50 mg per 24 hr NL or INC? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | SCURVY
🗑
|
||||
| Is thymine a water soluble vitamin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | INCREASED
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|
||||
| show | LOWER BOTH
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|
||||
| What enzyme changes angiotensinogen to angiotensin: | show 🗑
|
||||
| In what area of the adrenal gland is cortisol synthesized: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LIVER
🗑
|
||||
| When light is absorbed at one wavelength and emitted at a longer wavelength, what is it called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GLYCOGEN
🗑
|
||||
| What sugar when hydrolyzed yields glucose and Galactose: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ZERO
🗑
|
||||
| In a NL full term amniotic fluid, is there more lecithin or sphingomyelin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In obstruction of the common bile duct is urine urobilinogen, NL, INC or DEC? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | OVARIES
🗑
|
||||
| show | 17-KETOSTEROIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Name two substances that are inc in plasma and urine in pheochromocytoma: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hormone
🗑
|
||||
| Collection of hormones, carrier proteins, and other components form what system: | show 🗑
|
||||
| How are hormones classified? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyrotropin-releasing hormone, cotricotropin-releasing factor
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vasopressin, oxytocin
🗑
|
||||
| Adrenal medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cortisol, aldosterone, 11-deoxycortisol
🗑
|
||||
| show | triodothyronine, thyroxine, Calcitonin.
🗑
|
||||
| Parathyroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | insulin, glucagon
🗑
|
||||
| GI tract | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ovaries | show 🗑
|
||||
| Placenta | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | testosterone , other androgens
🗑
|
||||
| Kidneys | show 🗑
|
||||
| Are hormones water soluble or insoluble? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Do hormones require transport proteins to move through the blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Steroid hormones
🗑
|
||||
| show | on or within a cell
🗑
|
||||
| show | prohormones
🗑
|
||||
| Release of a hormone that regulated prior steps in the releasing process. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | serum proteins and thyroxine-binding globulin
🗑
|
||||
| show | only the free portion
🗑
|
||||
| What is responsible for hormone production? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior pituitary
🗑
|
||||
| Part of the CNS that lies at the base of the brain above the pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| Occurs when the stimulating hormone induces production of a hormone, elevated levels of which turn off pituitary release of the stimulating hormone. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Positive feedback
🗑
|
||||
| Primary disorders focus on what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | disorders of the hypothalamus or may relate to ectopic production of pituitary hormones by nonendocrine tumors or to the hyposecretion of hormone by the target tissue.
🗑
|
||||
| show | pituitary dwarfism
🗑
|
||||
| hypersecretion of FSH and LH can lead to what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Anti-diuretic hormone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the adrenal cortex comprised of? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are three adrenal hormones? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoids, mineralocorticosteroids
🗑
|
||||
| show | catecholamines
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoids and mineral corticosteroids
🗑
|
||||
| Primary glucocorticoid produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of cortisol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | kidney glomerulus and renal tubules, bone marrow stem cells, hepatocytes, and adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | bound to CBP and albumin
🗑
|
||||
| What is the primary action of mineral corticosteroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary mineralocorticoid produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of aldosterone | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the target tissues of mineralocorticoids? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | via the renin/angiotensin system
🗑
|
||||
| show | in the CNS
🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of catecholamines? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | liver and adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
🗑
|
||||
| Excess cortisol production, either at the level of the adrenal gland or by increased release of ACTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| Excess aldosterone production with symptoms of hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adrenal hypofunction or insufficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Addison’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| What is the major disorder of the adrenal medulla? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bilobed endocrine gland located in the lower part of the neck that is composed of groups of cells called follicles | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| What do thyroid hormones require for their synthesis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | T3
🗑
|
||||
| 98% of circulating T3 and T4 is bound to what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | brain
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Symptoms of this disease include: goiters, fatigue, impairment of mental processes, and loss of appetite | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones caused by a damaged or surgically removed thyroid gland | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| This is caused by hypothalamic failure leading to a lack of TRH production | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hashimoto’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperthyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperthyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Autoimmune disorder that occurs sex times more frequently in women than men. Immunoglobulins stimulate the thyroid gland by binding to TSH receptors. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | parathyroid hormone
🗑
|
||||
| Mineral proved to be essential for heart muscle contraction, hemostasis, and cell responsiveness | show 🗑
|
||||
| Produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Serum calcium levels rise to >102 mg/dL or are sustained at levels >100 mg/L. | show 🗑
|
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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