Cards that cover all 25 lectures
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| show | Carbohydrates
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| What is the major source of carbohydrates? | show 🗑
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| Simple sugars that contain four to eight carbons and only one aldehyde or ketone group | show 🗑
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| show | Reducing sugars / Monosaccarhides
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| What are examples of monosaccharides? | show 🗑
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| show | Oligosaccharides
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| What is another name for oligosaccharides? | show 🗑
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| show | maltose lactose and sucrose
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| show | Polysaccharides
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| show | Starch and Glycogen
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| show | Salivary Amylase
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| Monosaccharides are broken down by _______ | show 🗑
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| Transported to the liver and converted to glucose | show 🗑
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| show | Liver and skeletal muscle
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| Process of enzyme action on glucose to eventually form glycogen | show 🗑
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| show | Glycogenolysis
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| Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate or lactate for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. (Embden-Meyerhof pathway and Krebs' cycle) | show 🗑
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| show | Insulin
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| show | Glucagon
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| show | Epinephrine
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| Pituitary hormones that increase glucose levels | show 🗑
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| show | Glucocorticoids
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| show | Thyroid hormones
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| show | insulin decreases glucose levels
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| What effect does glucagon have on glucose levels? | show 🗑
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| show | epinephrine increases glucose levels
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| show | growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone increase glucose levels
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| What effect does glucocorticoids have on glucose levels? | show 🗑
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| show | thyroid hormone will increase blood glucose levels
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| show | Hyperglycemia
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| show | Hypoglycemia
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| What conditions does hypoglycemia result from? | show 🗑
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| Sugar in the urine | show 🗑
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| show | Glycosuria
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| show | Type 1 / Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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| show | Glucose oxidase method
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| Glucose becomes phosphorylated and dehydrogenated to eventually form NADPH | show 🗑
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| This test evaluates the insulin response challenge. Useful in evaluating pregnancy-induced diabetes and involves drawing a fasting blood specimen, followed by patient ingestion of a 75-g oral dose of glucose in liquid within a 5-minute period. | show 🗑
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| show | 2 hour postprandial blood glucose test.
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| Organic compounds that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. | show 🗑
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| show | Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur
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| show | Through dietary intake
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| show | Valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine, and histidine.
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| Produced by the removal of an amino group from an amino acid. | show 🗑
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| show | Ketoacids
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| show | Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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| show | Maple Syrup urine disease (MSUD)
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| Caused by impaired enzyme activity, which results in elevated levels of homocysteine and methionine in plasma and urine. | show 🗑
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| Responsible for osmotic pressure of plasma and serves as a transport protein. | show 🗑
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| show | insoluble
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| Where are proteins synthesized? | show 🗑
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| show | GI tract, kidneys, and liver.
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| Peptide chains that hydrolyze to amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | Conjugated proteins
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| What are the functions of protein? | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes
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| What is the composition of an enzyme? | show 🗑
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| What does the active site of an enzyme bind? | show 🗑
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| show | Oxidoreductases
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| Catalyze the transfer of a group other than hydrogen. Examples are aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatine kinase, and gamma-gluamyl transferase. | show 🗑
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| Expresses the relationship between the velocity of any enzymatic reaction and the substrate concentration. | show 🗑
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| Substrate concentration at which the enzyme yields half the possible maximum velocity of the reaction. | show 🗑
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| Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) formula | show 🗑
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| The reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration. With enzyme excess, the reaction rate steadily increases as more substrate is added until the substrate saturates all available enzymes. | show 🗑
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| The reaction rate is dependent on enzyme concentration only. When product forms, the excess enzyme combines with excess free substrate. | show 🗑
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| show | Enzyme Concentration
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| show | pH
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| show | Increased temperature increases the rate by increasing the movement of molecules
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| How does the cofactor concentration affect the velocity of an enzymatic reaction? | show 🗑
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| show | Competitive inhibitors
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| show | Noncompetitive inhibitor
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| Binds to the ES complex; both Vmax and Km decrease | show 🗑
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| How can enzyme activity be measured? | show 🗑
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| Performed after a reaction proceeds for a designated length of time, then is stopped. Measurement is made of the amount of reaction that has occurred. | show 🗑
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| show | Kinetic measurements
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| show | International Unit of enzyme Activity
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| Hydrolyzes phosphate esters, but the function of this enzyme is relatively unknown | show 🗑
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| show | Liver, bone, intestines, kidney, and placenta
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| show | Decreased values
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| show | Give a false positive
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| show | Elevation during the third trimester of pregnancy and in persons with liver disease, bone disease, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes mellitus.
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| What are the four isoenzymes of ALP | show 🗑
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| show | Aspartate transaminase (AST)
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| Where is AST found? | show 🗑
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| show | Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
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| Where is ALT localized? | show 🗑
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| Clinical significance of ALT | show 🗑
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| show | Creatine Kinase
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| show | High-energy creatine phosphate
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| Where is CK localized? | show 🗑
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| What is clinical significance of CK | show 🗑
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| show | Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD)
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| Where is LD distrubuted? | show 🗑
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| What is the diagnostic significance of LD? | show 🗑
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| show | Gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT)
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| show | Tissues ( Kidneys, brain, prostate, pancreas, and liver.) Urine contains a significant amount
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| show | Szasz assay
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| show | Elevated in almost all hepatobiliary disorders or biliary tract obstruction as well as in patients taking enzyme-inducing drugs like warfarin, phenobarbital, and dilatin
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| show | Increased GGT levels
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| This enzyme is useful in the detection of alcoholism and the monitoring of alcohol intake by patients during treatment | show 🗑
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| show | Amylase (AMS)
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| Where is AMS distributed? | show 🗑
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| What is the clinical significance of AMS | show 🗑
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| show | Absorbance Spectrophotometry
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| show | Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
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| show | Osmolality
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| Migration of charged particles in some medium when an electrical field is applied. Depending on the charge of the molecules, negatively charged particles migrate toward the positive electrode (anode) and positive charged move to the negative (cathode) | show 🗑
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| show | Charge of molecule
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| In electrophoresis, what is INVERSELY proportional to the rate of movement? | show 🗑
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| In electrophoresis, increased current increases what? | show 🗑
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| show | migration rate
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| In electrophoresis, how does decreased pH affect migration rate? | show 🗑
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| Chemical assay based on the highly specific and tight, noncovalent binding of antibodies to target molecules. | show 🗑
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| Technique used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interactions between the individual compounds and the stationary phase of the system. The goal is to produce "fractions" for quantitation. | show 🗑
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| Semi-quantitative screening method | show 🗑
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| show | Thin Layer Chromatography
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| show | Rf = Distance component moves / (total distance - distance solvent front moves)
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| Quantitative results for drug testing. Highly specific and sensitive. Apparatus consists of a pressure pump, gel filled column, sample injector, detector, and recorder. | show 🗑
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| show | Gas Chromatography
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| show | Gas Chromatography Mass Spec
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| show | Urea, Creatinine, uric acid
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| show | Liver
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| Involved with processing lipids. Composed of bile acids, salts, pigments, and cholesterol. | show 🗑
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| show | Hepatocytes
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| show | Gall-bladder
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| show | Bilirubin
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| show | globin (reused) + iron (reused) + porphyrin (excreted) + biliverdin (reduced to bilirubin)
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| Bilirubin found in the liver that is water soluble | show 🗑
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| show | Conjugated bilirubin
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| Yellowish discoloration of skin. Caused by abnormal bilirubin metabolism or by retention of bilirubin | show 🗑
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| show | PREHEPATIC jaundice
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| show | HEPATIC Jaundice
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| Produced by obstruction of the flow of bile into the gut either by gallstones or a tumor, which causes increased conjugated bilirubin levels in serum and urine, but low Urobilinogen levels in urine and colorless stool. | show 🗑
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| show | Cirrhosis
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| show | Reyes Syndrome
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| show | Hepatitis
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| show | Hepatitis A
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| show | Hepatitis B
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| Transmitted parenterally through blood transfusions, body piercings, and inoculations and has become more common. Leading cause of liver disease. | show 🗑
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| show | mouth, stomach, duodenum, jejunum-ileum, and large intestine
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| show | Intrinsic Factor
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| Highly vascularized organ connected to the small intestine by the ampulla of Vater. Considered to be both an endocrine gland that synthesizes hormones and exocrine gland that provides digestive enzymes to aid in digestion | show 🗑
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| show | alpha cells
🗑
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| What type of cells are responsible for making insulin? | show 🗑
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| show | delta cells
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| show | amylase
🗑
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| Hydrolyzes fats to produce alcohols and fatty acids with elevated levels present in people who have acute pancreatitis | show 🗑
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| Functions in protein breakdown | show 🗑
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| Autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by pulmonary disease and intestinal malabsorption caused by lack of pancreatic enzyme secretions | show 🗑
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| show | Pancreatitis
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| Multifactoral disease that occurs when the pancreas can no longer produce insulin, which leads to hyperglycemia. This disorder almost always destroys the beta cells in the islets | show 🗑
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| Fatal disease that affects the ducts in the pancreas. Insulinoma is a tumor of the beta cells in the islets that leads to increased circulating insulin and hypoglycemia | show 🗑
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| Determines the secretory capacity of the pancreas. It involves intubation and gathering of pancreatic fluid after stimulation with secretin, followed by measurement of the fluid volume | show 🗑
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| Determines the presence of increased fats in feces, which is a disorder almost always associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. | show 🗑
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| show | a 72 hour fecal specimen. Fats extracted with ether and weighed.
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| Measured to diagnose cystic fibrosis. | show 🗑
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| show | Pilocarpine nitrate
🗑
|
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| show | 6.5 to 8.3 g / dL
🗑
|
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| show | biuret method
🗑
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| show | biuret method
🗑
|
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| Based on the ability of proteins to bind dyes. Albumin binds dyes with the strongest affinity | show 🗑
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| show | hypoproteinemia
🗑
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| show | hyperproteinemia
🗑
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| show | Decreased serum albumin
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|
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| show | haptoglobin
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| Alpha2 macroglobulin, decreased in people with Wilson’s disease and states of malnutrition | show 🗑
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| Levels are increased during iron deficiency anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Immunoglobulin
🗑
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| show | Electrolytes
🗑
|
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| Most abundant extracellular cation | show 🗑
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| show | Sodium
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| Low blood volume induces secretion of renin, which raises blood pressure and causes production of ADH. | show 🗑
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| Low blood volume induces secretion of renin, which induces production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands | show 🗑
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| Low serum sodium | show 🗑
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| Caused by gastrointestinal loss, burns or renal problems. Relative decrease of sodium caused by excess body water. | show 🗑
|
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| show | hypernatremia
🗑
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| Major intracellular cation that regulates activity at the neuromuscular junction, as well as cardiac muscle contraction and pH. | show 🗑
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| show | dietary intake
🗑
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| show | Aldosterone
🗑
|
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| show | Hypokalemia
🗑
|
||||
| High serum potassium. Rare. Occurs following excessive dietary intake, adrenal failure, blood transfusions, or crush injuries. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Chloride
🗑
|
||||
| Moves chloride into RBCs as bicarbonate diffuses out to produce electro neutrality | show 🗑
|
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| Caused by salt loss during renal disease , diabetic ketoacidosis, or prolonged vomiting | show 🗑
|
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| Caused by dehydration, acute renal failure, prolonged diarrhea with loss of sodium bicarbonate, and salicylate intoxication | show 🗑
|
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| Second most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid | show 🗑
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| show | Bicarb
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| show | Kidneys
🗑
|
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| show | Ion selective electrodes
🗑
|
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| Silver ions are combined with chloride. Excess free silver ions are noted, elapsed time is relative to the chloride concentration | show 🗑
|
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| Difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations. Normal range is 6 to 18 mmol. | show 🗑
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| show | ( Na+ + K+ ) – (CL- + HCo3- )
🗑
|
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| show | Acid-Base balance
🗑
|
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| show | Carbonic acid – bicarb system ; Hemoglobin ; Phosphoric acid – phosphate system
🗑
|
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| What system controls bicarbonate concentration? | show 🗑
|
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| show | pH = pK + log ( cA / cHA )
🗑
|
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| show | Respiratory Acidosis
🗑
|
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| show | Respiratory Alkalosis
🗑
|
||||
| Occurs in many disorders and results in a decrease in bicarb levels. The lungs compensate by hyperventilating. | show 🗑
|
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| show | Metabolic Alkalosis
🗑
|
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| show | Non-Protein Nitrogenous Materials
🗑
|
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| Major excretory product of protein metabolism and is synthesized in the liver from carbon dioxide and ammonia arising from the deamination of amino acids. Excreted by the kidneys | show 🗑
|
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| show | Prerenal Azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | Renal Azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | Postrenal Azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | Uremia
🗑
|
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| Made in the liver from amino acids and used in muscle as an energy source | show 🗑
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| show | Creatinine
🗑
|
||||
| show | Jaffe reaction
🗑
|
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| Uses various enzymes and hydrogen peroxide to form a colored product | show 🗑
|
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| Estimate of the GFR obtained by measuring plasma Creatinine and its excretion into urine. Test requires a 24 hour urine specimen and blood sample for serum Creatinine determination. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Calculate Creatinine Clearance | show 🗑
|
||||
| Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) : Creatinine ratio | show 🗑
|
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| show | Elevation of BUN is caused by Prerenal rather than renal causes
🗑
|
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| Synthesized in the liver from the breakdown of nucleic acids and transported to the kidneys for reabsorption | show 🗑
|
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| An elevated uric acid level is indicative of what ? | show 🗑
|
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| A decreased uric acid level is indicative of what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| Increased ammonia levels are caused by what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| During the chloride shift, chloride moves from plasma into what site: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | INCREASED
🗑
|
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| show | Vitamin D
🗑
|
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| show | GC
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hyponatremia
🗑
|
||||
| What is the effect of hemolysis on serum amylase levels: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE
🗑
|
||||
| What is function of lipoproteins: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What solvents are used to extract the color due to Urobilinogen in the Watson-Swartz test?: | show 🗑
|
||||
| A patient has a blood pH of 7.23 and a pCO2 of 69 mm hg , what state is demonstrated by their values? | show 🗑
|
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| What is hypernatremia: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | GLASS
🗑
|
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| show | Kidney
🗑
|
||||
| show | ALBUMIN (DIBINDING PROCEDURE)
🗑
|
||||
| show | DECREASED
🗑
|
||||
| What enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are 4 organ sources of alkaline phosphatase: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | NORMAL
🗑
|
||||
| Does a decrease in blood pH stimulate or decrease respiration: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | TYROSINE
🗑
|
||||
| What is a zwitter ion: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What organ produces albumin: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CHLORIDE & BICARBONATE
🗑
|
||||
| If serum and urine Creatinine and urine flow rate are known, what else is needed to calc. Creatinine Clearance? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What alkaline reaction combines protein peptide bonds with copper ions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Under normal conditions, do levels of GH and Insulin vary directly or indirectly: | show 🗑
|
||||
| How is blood phosphorus influence by increase in Para Thyroid Hormone: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What equation defines the dissociation constant and is used to calculate pH of buffer solution: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What does the Zimmerman reaction measure: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PARA THYROID HORMONE
🗑
|
||||
| show | CALCITONIN
🗑
|
||||
| What substance is analyzed using the phospho-tungstic acid: | show 🗑
|
||||
| What cation is most prevalent in normal human plasma: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DECREASED
🗑
|
||||
| In what form is CO2 mainly transported in the blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What serum electrophoretic pattern is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is serum iron increased or decreased in hemolytic anemia: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Amino glycoside toxicity is associated with what organ: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | UROBILIN
🗑
|
||||
| show | INCREASED
🗑
|
||||
| show | INCREASED
🗑
|
||||
| Porphobilinogen is formed by the dehydrogenation of what acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| What form of bilirubin is carried by albumin in the blood and is insoluble in water? : | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | NO FUNCTION / WASTE PRODUCT
🗑
|
||||
| show | DECREASED
🗑
|
||||
| Does hyperventilation occur in respiratory acidosis or alkalosis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | COPPER
🗑
|
||||
| show | ADRENAL MEDULLA
🗑
|
||||
| show | PITUTARY GLAND
🗑
|
||||
| What 4 elements does urea contain: | show 🗑
|
||||
| Does pancreatic insufficiency exhibit an abnormal d-zylose? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is a urine arsenic level of 50 mg per 24 hr NL or INC? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the connective tissue order due to a deficiency of vitamin C? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Is thymine a water soluble vitamin? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In a forensic strangulation case, is serum amylase inc or dec? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How does an increase in altitude affect pCO2 and pO2? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RENIN
🗑
|
||||
| In what area of the adrenal gland is cortisol synthesized: | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LIVER
🗑
|
||||
| show | FLUORESCENCE
🗑
|
||||
| In what form is glucose stored in the liver? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LACTOSE
🗑
|
||||
| What is the NL serum lithium level? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LECITHIN
🗑
|
||||
| show | DECREASED
🗑
|
||||
| In what gland is estrodiol produced? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 17-KETOSTEROIDS
🗑
|
||||
| show | EPINEPHRINE and VMA
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical substance that is produced and secreted into the blood by an organ or tissue and has a specific effect on target tissue located away from the site of production | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | endocrine system
🗑
|
||||
| How are hormones classified? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyrotropin-releasing hormone, cotricotropin-releasing factor
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| Posterior pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adrenal medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adrenal Cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | triodothyronine, thyroxine, Calcitonin.
🗑
|
||||
| show | parathyroid hormone
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreas | show 🗑
|
||||
| GI tract | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Estrogens and progesterone
🗑
|
||||
| show | Progesterone, HCG, Human placental lactogen
🗑
|
||||
| Testes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D, erythropoietin
🗑
|
||||
| show | water-soluble
🗑
|
||||
| Do hormones require transport proteins to move through the blood? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Involved in the regulation of sexual development and characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| Where does hormone binding occur? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prohormones
🗑
|
||||
| show | Feedback control
🗑
|
||||
| Steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Amines are transported by what ? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What fraction of a hormone exhibits activity? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior pituitary
🗑
|
||||
| Serves as a storage area for certain hormones produced by the hypothalamus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypothalamus
🗑
|
||||
| show | Negative Feedback
🗑
|
||||
| Occurs when a structure secretes a hormone in response to a stimulating hormone released from the pituitary gland. The released hormone induces more stimulating hormone to be released from the pituitary gland. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary disorders focus on what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| secondary disorders focus on what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pituitary dwarfism
🗑
|
||||
| hypersecretion of FSH and LH can lead to what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What regulates water reabsportion and blood pressure by affecting the renal tubules and the arterioles? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chromaffin cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoids , mineralocorticosteroids, and catecholamines
🗑
|
||||
| show | glucocorticoids, mineralocorticosteroids
🗑
|
||||
| show | catecholamines
🗑
|
||||
| These adrenal hormones are synthesized from cholesterol | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary glucocorticoid produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | carb, lipid, a protein metabolism; suppression of inflammation; stimulating gluconeogenesis; increasing urine production; and stimulating erythropoiesis
🗑
|
||||
| show | kidney glomerulus and renal tubules, bone marrow stem cells, hepatocytes, and adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | bound to CBP and albumin
🗑
|
||||
| What is the primary action of mineral corticosteroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary mineralocorticoid produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulating sodium resorption in the distal convoluted tubules in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ; increasing blood volume ; regulating extracellular fluid volume
🗑
|
||||
| What are the target tissues of mineralocorticoids? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | via the renin/angiotensin system
🗑
|
||||
| Where is norepinephrine synthesized | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the functions of catecholamines? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the tissue targets of catecholamines? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vanillymandelic acid (VMA)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Cushing syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Excess aldosterone production with symptoms of hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoadrenalism
🗑
|
||||
| show | Addison’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | pheochromocytoma
🗑
|
||||
| Bilobed endocrine gland located in the lower part of the neck that is composed of groups of cells called follicles | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| What do thyroid hormones require for their synthesis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | T3
🗑
|
||||
| show | thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
🗑
|
||||
| show | brain
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | tertiary hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Genetic abnormality in the immune system and involves massive infiltrations of the thyroid gland by lymphocytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperthyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| Symptoms of this disease include weight loss, loss of muscle mass, hyperactivity, quick fatigability, insomnia, increased sweating, nervousness, palpitations, goiter, and bulging eyes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Graves’ Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Involved in the metabolism of both calcium and phosphorus by the kidney and bone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | calcium
🗑
|
||||
| Produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypercalcemia
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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