gym instructor info about bones and joints
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| Name the four classifications of bones | 1. Long Bones 2. short bones 3. flat bones 4. irregular bones
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| example of a long bone | femur humerus
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| example of a short bone | carpals tarsals
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| example of a flat bone | scull scapula ribs
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| example of a irregular bone | vertebrae
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| structure of a long bone | diaphysis - periosteum - epiphysis - articular cartilage
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| describe diaphysis | shaft of the bone, dense compact bone covered by a hard outer casingq
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| periosteum | hard outer casing of the bone
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| epiphysis | bone end less dense spongy bone covered by articular cartilage
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| articular cartilage | covers the bone ends and allows the bones to move more freely over each other and ot protect the bone beneath from possible friction
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| Name the five functions of the skeleton | Storage - Shape - Protection - Production - Movement
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| What does the skeleton store? | In the long bones there is a storage of mineral like calcium and phosphorus necessary for bone health
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| Shape? | The skeleton gives us our supportive framework giving us our charateristic shape.
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| Protection? | The skeleton protects delicate structures . the skull protects the brain
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| Production? | Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. White blood cells contribute to the bodys defensive system.
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| What is osteoporosis? | Brittle bone disease.
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| What is a joint | When two or more bones meet to form a joint whether they allow movement or not.
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| Ligaments connect | bone to bone prevent unwanted movement make joints more stable
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| Name the three types of joints | Immoveable Slightly moveable Freely moveable
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| Immoveable fibrous fixed joint | no joint cavity bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue little or no movement possible
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| Bone is classified as what? | Connective tissue
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| Ossification means what? | When calcium and minerals are deposited on cartilage which then hardens and becomes bone.
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| Osteoblasts are cells which? | create new bone
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| Osteoclasts are cells which? | remove existing bone
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| What age does the skeleton mature | 25
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| To which age to the bones get stronger | 35
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| Risk factors contributing to osteoparosis | low body fat percentages (less 20pc) smoking excessive alcohol sedentry lifestyle inadequate diet insufficient calcium intake
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| Which hormones work in favour of osteoblasts? | Ostrogen in women Testosterone in men Calcitonin (from thyroid) and calcium intake.
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| According to Wolfs Law which percentage of skeleton is replaced by a healthy regular active person | 10per cent
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| Description of long bones | Act as levers greater in length long diaphysis variable number of epipyses most are slightly curved (shock absorbers at different points)
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| description of short bones | Strong less mobile than long bones cubed shaped equal in length than width spongy bone tissue (except on surface which is thin layer compact bone)
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| description of flat bones | vary in shape generally thin parallel plates of compact bone enclosing layer of spongy bone tissue provide a large surface for muscle attachment
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| decscripton of irregular bones | bones which cannot be grouped into any other category eg vertebrae
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