Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temp Regulation
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | ATP
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| how energy value of food is measured; amount of heat energy needed to raise body temp of 1kg of water 1degree C | show 🗑
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| chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building | show 🗑
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| show | major nutrients
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| show | other nutrients
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| show | essential nutrients
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| show | derived from plants
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| show | fruits, sugar can, sugar beets, honey & milk
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| polysaccharide, plentiful in most veges; not digested by humans but provides roughage | show 🗑
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| insoluble fiber | show 🗑
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| show | insoluble fiber
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| show | soluble fiber
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| glucose is principal __ __ | show 🗑
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| show | glucose
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| yield of fructose & galactose, during carbohydrate digestion, are | show 🗑
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| RBCs & neurons rely __ __ on glucose for their energy needs | show 🗑
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| small amounts of __ __ are used to synthesize nucleic acids | show 🗑
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| show | proteins; lipids
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| 100 grams of carbs/day is presumed to be __ __ needed to maintain adequate blood glucose levels | show 🗑
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| 130 g/day of carbs, based on amount needed to fuel brain not total amount needed to supply all daily activities | show 🗑
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| 45-65% of one's total calorie intake with emphasis on complex carbohydrates is the recommended carb intake to | show 🗑
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| show | tissue proteins & fats are used for energy fuel
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| show | triglycerides
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| show | neutral fats or triacylglycerols
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| fats found in meat & dairy foods | show 🗑
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| show | unsaturated
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| fats are digested to monoglycerides or all the way to | show 🗑
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| once fats are digested into fatty acids & glycerol they are __ to triglycerides for transportation in lymph | show 🗑
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| egg yolk, meats, organ meats, shellfish, milk products are | show 🗑
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| liver produces about 85% of __ __ regardless of dietary intake | show 🗑
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| show | cannot
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| fatty acid component of lecithin; omega-6 fatty acid; essential fatty acid that must be ingested; found in vegetable oils | show 🗑
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| show | lecithin
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| bread, cereal, crackers, flour, pasta, nuts, rice, potatoes are all considered | show 🗑
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| show | simple carbohydrates
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| show | complete proteins
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| show | incomplete proteins
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| dietary fats are essential because they help body absorb __ __ | show 🗑
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| dietary fats are essential because triglycerides are major energy fuel of __ & __ __ | show 🗑
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| dietary fats are essential because phospholipids are integral component of | show 🗑
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| fatty deposits in adipose tissue provide __ __ around body organs | show 🗑
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| fatty deposits in adipose tissue provide __ __ beneath skin | show 🗑
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| show | concentrated source
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| cholesterol is __ __ for energy | show 🗑
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| regulatory molecule formed from linoleic acid via arachidonic acid, which play role in smooth muscle contraction, control of BP, & inflammation | show 🗑
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| cholesterol is __ component of plasma membranes | show 🗑
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| show | precursor
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| should represent 30% or less of total daily fat intake | show 🗑
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| show | saturated fats
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| show | daily cholesterol intake
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| should be less than 200 mg/dl | show 🗑
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| contain highest-quality proteins, those with greatest amount & best ratios of essential amino acids | show 🗑
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| complete proteins meet all of the body's __ __ requirements for tissue maintenance & growth | show 🗑
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| show | essential amino acids
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| show | keratin
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| show | collagen
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| show | elastin
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| show | functional proteins
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| show | all-or-none rule
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| show | oxidized for energy or converted to carbs/fats
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| show | adequacy of caloric intake
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| homeostatic state; rate of protein synthesis equals rate of protein breakdown & loss | show 🗑
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| body is in nitrogen balance when amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins | show 🗑
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| show | positive nitrogen balance
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| positive nitrogen balance is found in | show 🗑
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| positive nitrogen balance also occurs when | show 🗑
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| protein breakdown for energy exceeds amount of protein being incorporated into tissues | show 🗑
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| show | physical & emotional stress (i.e. infection, injury, or burns)
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| show | quality; quantity
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| show | starvation
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| hormones that accelerate protein synthesis & growth | show 🗑
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| effects of anabolic hormones __ __ throughout life | show 🗑
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| show | pituitary growth hormone
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| show | sex hormones
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| show | adrenal glucocorticoids
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| supply essential amino acids; furnish raw material for making nonessential amino acids & various nonprotein nitrogen-containing substances | show 🗑
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| reflects his/her age, size, metabolic rate, & current state of nitrogen balance | show 🗑
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| nutritionists recommend __ __ __ of 0.8 g per kg of body weight | show 🗑
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| show | vitamins
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| show | coenzyme
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| show | function as
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| act as coenzymes in oxidation of glucose for energy | show 🗑
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| most vitamins are not | show 🗑
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| vitamin D, small amounts of B vitamins & vitamin K | show 🗑
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| synthesized by intestinal bacteria | show 🗑
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| body can convert beta-carotene into | show 🗑
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| show | provitamins
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| no one food contains | show 🗑
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| show | water-soluble vitamins
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| show | intrinsic factor
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| show | fat-soluble vitamins
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| anything that interferes with fat absorption also interferes with | show 🗑
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| with exception of __ __, fat soluble-vitamins are stored in the body | show 🗑
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| show | antioxidants
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| show | minerals
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| calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium & trace amounts of about a dozen other minerals are | show 🗑
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| show | metabolism
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| energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances | show 🗑
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| process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances | show 🗑
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| metabolic processes in which ATP is produced | show 🗑
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| show | phosphorylation
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| show | primes
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| show | iron
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| harden bone & teeth | show 🗑
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| necessary for thyroid hormone synthesis | show 🗑
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| major electrolytes in the blood | show 🗑
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| show | stage 1 in processing of energy-containing nutrients
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| show | anabolic pathways
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| show | catabolic pathways
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| show | glycolysis
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| show | CO2, water, & ATP
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| show | generate ATP
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| show | oxidation
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| whichever way oxidation occurs the oxidized substance always __ __ as they more to a substance that more strongly attracts them | show 🗑
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| reaction that couples oxidation of one substance with reduction of another substance | show 🗑
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| show | key of redox reactions
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| enzymes that catalyze the transfer of oxygen in oxidation-reduction reactions | show 🗑
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| catalyze redox reactions in which hydrogen are removed | show 🗑
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| show | oxidation of glucose
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| glycolysis, Krebs cycle, & electron transport chain-oxidative phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| process of ATP synthesis during which an inorganic phosphate group is attached to ADP; occurs via electron transport chain within mitochondria | show 🗑
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| show | glycolysis
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| glycolysis is a(n) __ pathway | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen
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| show | oxygen is present
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| phase 1 of glycolysis | show 🗑
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| phase 2 of glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | sugar oxidation & ATP formation
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| show | pyruvic acid
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| if O2 not available, during glycolysis, pyruvic acid is | show 🗑
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| if O2 available, during glycolysis, pyruvic acid | show 🗑
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| show | Krebs cycle
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| show | citric acid cycle
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| show | glycogenesis
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| glycogenesis mostly occurs in | show 🗑
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| glycogen breakdown in response to low blood glucose | show 🗑
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| show | gluconeogenesis
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| show | brain against effects of hypoglycemia
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| energy yield from __ __ is twice that from glucose or protein catabolism | show 🗑
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| show | chylomicrons
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| show | hydrolyzed
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| only triglycerides are routinely | show 🗑
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| show | glycerol pathway
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| takes place in mitochondria; produces acetyl CoA- enter the Krebs cycle | show 🗑
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| show | lipogenesis
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| show | stored as triglycerides
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| when carbohydrates are deficient breakdown of stored fats to glycerol & fatty acids provides fuel for aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| show | accumulation of acetyl CoAgets converted to ketone bodies in liver
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| show | oxidized for energy or converted into fat
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| show | oxidation of Amino Acids
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| show | urea & excreted by kidney
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| show | protein synthesis
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| show | catabolic-anabolic steady state
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| show | interconvertible
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| show | amino acid pool
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| are easily interconverted through key intermediates | show 🗑
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| show | absorptive (fed) state
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| show | anabolism exceeds catabolism
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| when the GI tract is empty- energy sources are supplied by breakdown of reserves | show 🗑
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| show | Stage 3
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| cellular respiration consists of __ of Stage 2 (metabolism of energy-containing nutrients) and __ __ of Stage 3 | show 🗑
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| show | primary function
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| cellular respiration traps some of chemical energy of original food molecules in its | show 🗑
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| many reactions that take place within cells are __ reactions | show 🗑
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| show | electropositive
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| oxygen is very __, so when oxygen binds with other atoms shared electrons spend more time in oxygen's vicinity | show 🗑
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| show | hydrogen
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| result of oxidation of food fuels, where there is step-by-step removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from substrate molecules, eventually leaves only | show 🗑
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| show | molecular oxygen
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| show | end; water
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| show | reduced
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| as food fuels oxidized, their energy is transferred from one molecule to another, and ultimately to __ to form __ __ | show 🗑
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| show | catalyzed
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| show | specific coenzymes
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| show | accept the hydrogen
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| show | hydrogen acceptors
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| show | substrate-level phosphorylation
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| substrate-level phosphorylation occurs because high-energy bonds attaching phosphate groups to substrates are | show 🗑
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| show | glycolysis; Krebs cycle
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| enzymes catalyzing substrate-level phosphorylation are located in __ & __ __ inside mitochondria | show 🗑
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| oxidative phosphorylation releases most of energy that is eventually | show 🗑
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| show | electron transport proteins
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| couple movement of substances across membranes to chemical reactions | show 🗑
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| show | chemi
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| show | pump protons (H+)
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| chemiosmotic processes create __ __ __ for protons across mitochondrial membrane | show 🗑
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| show | ATP synthase
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| during chemiosmotic processes, when H+ flows back across membrane, some of gradient energy is | show 🗑
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| are eventually turned into glucose | show 🗑
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| glucose enters tissue cells by | show 🗑
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| facilitated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells is greatly enhanced by | show 🗑
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| upon entry into cell glucose is immediately phosphorylated into | show 🗑
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| because most body cells lack enzymes needed to reverse immediate phosphorylation of glucose, upon entry into tissue cells, it | show 🗑
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| the only body cells that have enzymes needed to reverse immediate phosphorylation of glucose, upon entry into tissue cells, are | show 🗑
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| catabolic & anabolic pathways for carbs | show 🗑
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| show | ATP-producing
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| exclusive function of electron transport chain is | show 🗑
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| carries out final catabolic reactions that occur on mitochondrial cristae | show 🗑
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| show | begin process that stores glucose as glycogen/fat
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| accounts for 80-85% of stored energy | show 🗑
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| show | liver glycogen
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| show | ketones
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| show | synthesize their steroid hormones
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| show | ribosomes
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| show | hormonal balance
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| during absorptive state anabolism __ catabolism | show 🗑
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| show | to the liver
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| show | fructose; galactose
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| glycogen formed in liver is | show 🗑
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| most fat synthesized in liver is packaged with proteins as | show 🗑
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| very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are released to blood to be picked up for | show 🗑
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| not sequestered by liver enters body cells to be metabolized for energy | show 🗑
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| show | skeletal muscles; adipose
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| show | lipoprotein lipase
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| use triglycerides as primary energy source | show 🗑
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| most fatty acids & glycerol enter adipose tissue to be __ to triglycerides & stored | show 🗑
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| liver __ some amino acids to make them keto acids | show 🗑
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| keto acids may be used for __ __ in Krebs cycle, or may be converted to __ __ stores | show 🗑
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| show | synthesize plasma proteins
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| show | albumin, clotting proteins, & transport proteins
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| show | used by other cells for protein synthesis
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| show | insulin
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| insulin directs essentially all events of | show 🗑
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| rising blood glucose levels after carb-containing meal act as __ __ that prods beta cells of pancreatic islets to secrete more insulin | show 🗑
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| show | glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
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| show | parasympathetic
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| 2nd important stimulus for insulin release is | show 🗑
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| enhances carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion of glucose | show 🗑
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| show | insulin is present
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| show | enhances; stimulates
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| insulin revs up __ __ of amino acids into cells | show 🗑
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| show | promotes
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| show | inhibits
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| insulin inhibits virtually all liver enzymes that | show 🗑
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| show | hypoglycemic
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| insulin sweeps glucose out of blood into tissue cells, in turn | show 🗑
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| consequence of inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors | show 🗑
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| show | postabsorptive state
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| show | maintain blood glucose levels between meals
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| show | use of fats for energy
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| postabsorptive state spares glucose | show 🗑
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| show | 1st line
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| show | 4 hours
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| show | glycogenolysis in skeletal muscles
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| before liver glycogen is exhausted, in postabsorptive state, glycogenolysis begins in | show 🗑
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| show | skeletal muscles does not enzymes needed to dephosphorylate glucose
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| show | partly oxidized
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| show | indirectly via liver mechanisms
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| during lipolysis in adipose tissues & liver, glycerol is used for | show 🗑
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| when fasting is prolonged & glycogen/fat stores are nearly exhausted | show 🗑
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| during catabolism of cellular proteins, cellular amino acids are __ & converted to glucose in liver | show 🗑
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| during fasting for several weeks, __ also carry out gluconeogenesis & contribute as much glucose to blood as liver | show 🗑
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| show | muscle proteins
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| determines time a person can survive without food | show 🗑
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| increased use of noncarbohydrate fuel molecules, especially triglycerides, to conserve glucose | show 🗑
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| as body progresses from absorptive to post absorptive state all other organs, besides __, switch to fatty acids as major energy source | show 🗑
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| show | lipolysis; fatty acids
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| important trigger for initiating postabsorptive events is | show 🗑
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| show | drop
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| as insulin levels drop, during postabsorptive state, all __ __ responses are inhibited as well | show 🗑
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| can improve body's use of insulin, during postabsorptive state | show 🗑
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| show | declining glucose levels
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| show | glucagon
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| glucagon is __ of insulin | show 🗑
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| show | hyperglycemic hormone
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|
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| term used to describe hormones such as glucagon that elevate blood glucose level | show 🗑
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| targets of glucagon are | show 🗑
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| show | hepatocytes in liver
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| show | adipose cells
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| during postabsorptive state, glucagon __ blood energy sources by __ both glucose & fatty acid levels | show 🗑
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| show | converted to ketone bodies
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| show | inhibited
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| show | glucose uptake by cells
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| insulin & growth hormone stimulate | show 🗑
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| show | glucose catabolism
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|
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| show | insulin
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| show | gluconeogenesis
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| insulin, growth hormone, thyroxine, & testosterone stimulate | show 🗑
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| glucagon & epinephrine stimulate | show 🗑
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| glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine, & cortisol stimulate | show 🗑
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| glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, & cortisol __ gluconeogenesis | show 🗑
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| show | catabolic protein
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|
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| both insulin & glucagon release are strongly stimulated by | show 🗑
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| show | damage to brain by abrupt onset of hypoglycemia
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|
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| show | modulates
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|
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| when high-protein low carb meal is eaten, simultaneous release of glucagon helps __ blood glucose levels | show 🗑
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| plays crucial role in supplying food quickly when blood glucose levels drop suddenly | show 🗑
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| well supplied by sympathetic nerve fibers | show 🗑
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| show | liver, skeletal muscles, & adipose tissues
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|
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| show | mobilize fat & promote glycogenolysis
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| show | growth hormone
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|
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| show | glucose uptake in fat & muscle
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|
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| show | galactose & fructose to glucose
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|
||||
| show | glucose buffer function
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|
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| a function of carbohydrate metabolism in liver is | show 🗑
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| a function of carbohydrate metabolism in liver is conversion of glucose to | show 🗑
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| show | beta oxidation
🗑
|
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| beta oxidation is | show 🗑
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| function of fat metabolism in liver, converts excess acetyl CoA to | show 🗑
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| function of fat metabolism in liver, is | show 🗑
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| show | lipoproteins
🗑
|
||||
| show | acetyl CoA; bile salts
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|
||||
| show | clotting proteins
🗑
|
||||
| show | ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| show | deaminates
🗑
|
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| show | deamination of amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| through metabolism of protein by liver, ammonia is removed from body | show 🗑
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| inability to form urea in liver results in | show 🗑
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| protein metabolism by liver, forms most __ proteins | show 🗑
|
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| if protein metabolism by liver does not take place plasma protein depletion causes | show 🗑
|
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| show | gamma globulins, some hormones & some enzymes
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|
||||
| show | transamination
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|
||||
| show | protein metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| show | vitamin A
🗑
|
||||
| show | vitamin D & B12
🗑
|
||||
| show | iron
🗑
|
||||
| show | blood levels drop
🗑
|
||||
| biotransformation function of liver includes metabolism of __ & __ by performing synthetic reactions yielding inactive products for excretion by kidneys | show 🗑
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||||
| show | nonsynthetic reactions
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|
||||
| the only thing that can do liver's work | show 🗑
|
||||
| serves as structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones, & vitamin D as a major component of plasma membranes | show 🗑
|
||||
| cholesterol is part of __ __ molecule that helps direct embryonic development | show 🗑
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| show | blood
🗑
|
||||
| show | acetyl CoA
🗑
|
||||
| intestinal cells also make __ from acetyl CoA | show 🗑
|
||||
| because triglycerides & cholesterol are insoluble in water they do not | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lipid-protein complexes
🗑
|
||||
| show | lipoproteins
🗑
|
||||
| in lipoproteins, relative __ __ varies considerably | show 🗑
|
||||
| contain triglycerides, phospholipids, & cholesterol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lower
🗑
|
||||
| greater the proportion of protein in lipoproteins, the __ its density | show 🗑
|
||||
| class of lipoproteins that transport triglycerides from intestine & liver to adipose & muscle tissues; they contain primarily triglycerides w/some cholesteryl esters | show 🗑
|
||||
| class of plasma lipoproteins that transport cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues; high serum levels have been correlated w/premature coronary heart disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary
🗑
|
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| once triglycerides are unloaded from liver to peripheral tissues VLDL residues are | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cholesterol-rich
🗑
|
||||
| transport cholesterol to peripheral (non-liver) tissues making it available to tissue cells for membrane/hormone synthesis & for storage for use later | show 🗑
|
||||
| LDLs also regulate __ __ in tissue cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| docking of LDL to LDL receptor triggers __ __ of entire particle | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | phospholipids & cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| major function of __ is to scoop up & transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver | show 🗑
|
||||
| liver make __ __ of HDL particles & then ejects them into bloodstream in collapsed form | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fills with cholesterol
🗑
|
||||
| HDL also provides __ organs with raw their material of cholesterol | show 🗑
|
||||
| organs like ovaries & adrenal glands have ability to __ __ cholesterol from HDL particles without engulfing them | show 🗑
|
||||
| transport absorbed lipids from GI tract; separate class from lipoproteins; have lowest density of all | show 🗑
|
||||
| chylomicrons come from | show 🗑
|
||||
| VLDLs & LDLs are made | show 🗑
|
||||
| HDLs are returned | show 🗑
|
||||
| are thought to protect against heart attack (good cholesterol) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | high levels of LDL
🗑
|
||||
| show | negative feedback loop
🗑
|
||||
| high cholesterol intake inhibits | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | basal amount
🗑
|
||||
| saturated fatty acids __ __ synthesis of cholesterol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | excretion
🗑
|
||||
| show | excretion; catabolism
🗑
|
||||
| show | total cholesterol levels
🗑
|
||||
| show | omega-3
🗑
|
||||
| show | trans fats
🗑
|
||||
| spark greater increase in LDLs & greater reductions in HDLs, producing unhealthiest ratio of total cholesterol to HDL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | energy intake
🗑
|
||||
| sum of energy lost as heat (60%), as work (driven by ATP), and as fat or glycogen storage | show 🗑
|
||||
| nearly all energy derived from food stuffs is | show 🗑
|
||||
| heat is lost during | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | heat energy
🗑
|
||||
| heat energy helps maintain __ __ temperature | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metabolic reactions
🗑
|
||||
| show | energy storage
🗑
|
||||
| when energy intake/output are balanced | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypothalamus
🗑
|
||||
| show | digestive tract
🗑
|
||||
| show | brain indicating fullness
🗑
|
||||
| chemoreceptors respond to | show 🗑
|
||||
| released from fat cells; suppress hunger | show 🗑
|
||||
| glucagon stimulates __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | eating
🗑
|
||||
| show | basal metabolic rate (BMR)
🗑
|
||||
| energy body needs to fuel all ongoing activities | show 🗑
|
||||
| hormone released by fat cells that signals satiety | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | short-term regulation of appetite & feeding behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| activation stretch receptors ultimately inhibits appetite, because GI Tract distention sends signals along vagus nerve afferents that suppresses appetite-enhancing/hunger center | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nutrient signals that indicate fullness or satiety
🗑
|
||||
| show | absent resulting in hunger & turn-on of food-seeking behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| larger the amount of fatty acids in blood, the greater the | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | gut hormones
🗑
|
||||
| show | rise
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ghrelin (Ghr)
🗑
|
||||
| show | key component
🗑
|
||||
| leptin is secreted exclusively by adipose cells in response to a(n) | show 🗑
|
||||
| leptin serves as an indicator of | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | metabolic rate
🗑
|
||||
| show | calorimeter
🗑
|
||||
| show | direct method
🗑
|
||||
| used to measure oxygen consumption, which is directly proportional to heat production | show 🗑
|
||||
| respirometer is considered __ __ of measurement of metabolic rate | show 🗑
|
||||
| metabolic rate is measured when a person is in | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thyroxine released by thyroid gland
🗑
|
||||
| direct effect of thyroxine on most body cells, except brain cells, is to | show 🗑
|
||||
| thyroxine increases O2 consumption & heat production by accelerating use of ATP to operate | show 🗑
|
||||
| results in slowed metabolism, obesity, & diminishes thought processes | show 🗑
|
||||
| catabolize stored fats & tissue proteins, weight loss despite food intake, bones weaken & muscles begin to atrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | large part
🗑
|
||||
| skeletal muscle activity causes most dramatic | show 🗑
|
||||
| food ingestion induces __ __ in TMR | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | food-induced thermogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| show | proteins are ingested
🗑
|
||||
| show | increases
🗑
|
||||
| show | taller
🗑
|
||||
| BMR decreases with | show 🗑
|
||||
| BMR increases with | show 🗑
|
||||
| BMR in males is | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ hormone increases BMR | show 🗑
|
||||
| reflects balance btwn heat production & heat loss | show 🗑
|
||||
| liver, heart, brain, & endocrine organs generate most heat when | show 🗑
|
||||
| heat production from skeletal muscles increases 30-40 times that of rest of body | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal body temperature
🗑
|
||||
| show | optimal enzyme activity
🗑
|
||||
| beta oxidation results in | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pyruvic acid
🗑
|
||||
| Krebs cycle initial metabolite is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ATP synthase at end
🗑
|
||||
| show | carbohydrate
🗑
|
||||
| show | protein
🗑
|
||||
| show | lipids
🗑
|
||||
| show | minerals
🗑
|
||||
| show | vitamins
🗑
|
||||
| carbohydrates | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | act as an accessory fuel; component of membranes
🗑
|
||||
| show | important structural material (keratin, collagen, etc.) and functional material (enzymes, etc.)
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | incorporation into some body structures; used in conjunction with enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| water | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in vision; integrity of skin, mucosae, & normal bone; tooth development
🗑
|
||||
| show | primarily an antioxidant preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes & atherosclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin D | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | essential for formation of clotting proteins; intermediate in electron transport; participates in oxidative phosphorylation
🗑
|
||||
| show | important in formation of connective tissues; antioxidant; conversion of tryptophan to serotonin; conversion of cholesterol to bile salts
🗑
|
||||
| show | acts as coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism; required to transform pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA; oxidation of alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| show | acts as hydrogen acceptor in electron transport (FAD and FMN); component of amino-acid oxidases
🗑
|
||||
| niacin | show 🗑
|
||||
| folic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | functions as coenzyme in all cells; acts in synthesis of DNA; essential for erythrocyte division during RBC production
🗑
|
||||
| food sources of calcium | show 🗑
|
||||
| food sources of sulfur | show 🗑
|
||||
| food sources of potassium | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cured meats, sauerkraut, cheese
🗑
|
||||
| show | milk, dairy products, whole grain cereals, nuts, legumes, leafy green vegetables
🗑
|
||||
| show | diets rich in proteins; milk, eggs meat, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, whole grains
🗑
|
||||
| two molecules of pyruvic acid and two NADH + H+ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | products of Krebs cycle
🗑
|
||||
| 36 ATP and 12 H2O molecules | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| in glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | catalyze chemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| one function of vitamin A is to | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | retinol in the rods and cones
🗑
|
||||
| show | setting the basal metabolic rate
🗑
|
||||
| site of electron transport is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | integral proteins necessary for electron transport
🗑
|
||||
| show | NAD
🗑
|
||||
| element is considered a trace mineral | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LDL
🗑
|
||||
| LDL is | show 🗑
|
||||
| nutritionally incomplete protein lacks | show 🗑
|
||||
| most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by | show 🗑
|
||||
| mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis | show 🗑
|
||||
| insulin is hormone that controls essentially all | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favor fat accumulation) in fat cells
🗑
|
||||
| BMR is | show 🗑
|
||||
| shivering is | show 🗑
|
||||
| prolonged high protein intake can lead to | show 🗑
|
||||
| beta-carotene is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vitamin K
🗑
|
||||
| show | final product of glycolysis
🗑
|
||||
| cyanide acts as a poison by | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fasting for several weeks
🗑
|
||||
| show | high lipid content
🗑
|
||||
| role of high-density lipoproteins is to | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | body mass index
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibiting neuropeptide Y, which is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant
🗑
|
||||
| show | accept hydrogen
🗑
|
||||
| show | an antioxidant
🗑
|
||||
| fermentation occurs when | show 🗑
|
||||
| in glycolysis, glucose is initially cleaved into | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | they must be deaminated
🗑
|
||||
| show | chemiosmosis
🗑
|
||||
| electron transport causes a chemiosmotic gradient, which causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fatty acids must undergo beta oxidation to be converted into two-carbon acetic acid fragments
🗑
|
||||
| show | formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
🗑
|
||||
| show | transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
🗑
|
||||
| show | a mineral
🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons
🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane
🗑
|
||||
| show | build enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins can function | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | negative nitrogen balance
🗑
|
||||
| show | fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic
🗑
|
||||
| Krebs cycle generates | show 🗑
|
||||
| final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is | show 🗑
|
||||
| glycogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cleavage of glycogen to release glucose
🗑
|
||||
| show | process of forming new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
🗑
|
||||
| show | starts phase of fatty acid breakdown
🗑
|
||||
| lipogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ammonia; urea
🗑
|
||||
| show | regulatory hormone
🗑
|
||||
| show | broken down to release glucose
🗑
|
||||
| show | long-term regulator of food intake
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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lfrancois
Popular Anatomy sets