Athletic Training exam 2
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| Trama | physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external force
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| Mechanical injury | results from force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter
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| Yield point | Point at which elasticity is almost exceeded is the yield point
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| When yield point is far exceeded | mechanical failure occurs resulting in damage
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| Compression | Force that results in tissue crush – two forces applied towards one another
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| Tension | Force that pulls and stretches tissue
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| Shearing | Force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue
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| Bending | Already bowed structures encounter axial loading
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| Torsion | Loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends
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| Muscle Strains | Stretch tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue
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| Muscle Cramps | Painful involuntary skeletal muscle contraction
Occurs in well-developed individuals when muscle is in shortened position
Experienced at night or at rest
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| Muscle Guarding | Following injury, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of motion
Involuntary muscle contraction in response to pain following injury
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| Tendon | Wavy parallel collagenous fibers organized in bundles
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| Tenosynovitis | Inflammation of synovial sheath. Chronic cases result in thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus
Often occurs in long flexor tendon of the digits and the biceps tendon
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| Atrophy | Atrophy is wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve functioning
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| Contracture | an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch
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| synovial joint characteristics | hyaline or articular cartilage and a fibrous connective tissue capsule.Capsule and ligaments for support
Capsule is lined with synovial membrane
Hyaline cartilage
Joint cavity with synovial fluid
Blood and nerve supply with muscles crossing joint
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| Ligament Sprains | Result of traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue
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| Subluxations | Partial dislocations causing incomplete separation of two bones
Bones come back together in alignment
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| Dislocations | High level of incidence in fingers and shoulder
Occurs when at least one bone in a joint is forced out of alignment and must be manually or surgically reduced
Gross deformity is typically apparent with bilateral comparison revealing asymmetry
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| Bursitis | Sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis, while overuse and constant external compression can cause chronic bursitis
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| Bursa | fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction
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| Capsulitis | result of repeated joint trauma
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| Synovitis | can occur acutely but will also develop following mistreatment of joint injury
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| Flat bones | skull, ribs, scapulae
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| Irregular bones | vertebrae and skull
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| Short Bones | wrist and ankle
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| Long bones | humerus, ulna, tibia, radius, fibula, femur
- bones most commonly injured
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| Diaphysis | -shaft - hollow and cylindrical
- covered by compact bone
- medullary cavity contains yellow
marrow and lined by endosteum
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| Epiphysis | composed of cancellous bone and
has hyaline cartilage covering
- provides areas for muscle attachment
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| Periosteum | - dense, white fibrous covering which
penetrates bone via Sharpey’ fibers
- contains blood vessels and osteoblasts
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| Closed fracture | there is little movement or displacement
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| Open fracture | involve displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue
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| Types of fractures | Greenstick
Comminuted
Linear
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Impacted
Depressed
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