Respiratory System
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| pleur- | chest lining
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| pneum-, pulm- | lungs
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| thora- | chest
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| trache- | windpipe
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| principal organs of the respiratory system in mammals | nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
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| upper respiratory tract | the airway from the nose through the pharynx and larynx
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| lower respiratory tract | airway from the trachea through the lungs, includes the various bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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| conductive zone | acts to transport air, includes the nose through the conducting bronchioles, ending with the terminal bronchioles
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| respiratory zone | represents the region where gas exchange occurs and includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
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| where does gas exchange in birds occur | air capillaries
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| functions of the upper respiratory system | filter, heat, humidify
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| tidal volume | volume of air moving in and out during respiration
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| minute respiratory volume | tidal volume times respiration rate
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| resting tidal volume | volume of air moving in and out during respiration when at rest
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| vital capacity | maximum volume of air inspired after maximum expiration
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| residual volume | the air that remains in the airways after maximal forced expiration, and thus cannot be removed
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| total lung capacity | the sum of vital capacity and residual volume
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| components of the conductive zone | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, conducting bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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| components of the respiratory zone | respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
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| inspiration in mammals | muscles contract, lung volume increases, active due to muscle contraction
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| expiration in mammals | muscles relax, volume decreases, passive (occurs when muscles relax)
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| air spaces in avian respiratory system | cervical air sacs (2), clavicular air sac (1), cranial thoracic air sacs (2), caudal thoracic air sacs (2), abdominal air sacs (2), lungs (2)
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| avian respiratory system components | trachea, bronchi/mesobronchi (primary), ventral bronchi (secondary), dorsal bronchi (secondary), parabronchi (tertiary), air capillaries
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| pathway of air through the avian system | trachea, mesobronchi, dorsobronchi, parabronchi, air cappillaries, parabronchi, ventrobronchi, mesobronchi, trachea
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| pulmonary surfactant | lowers surface tension between alveolar membranes preventing the alveoli from collapsing
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| type of system in avians | open
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| lungs expand in avians? | no
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| in avians gas exchange occurs in | air capillaries
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| inspiration in avians | active
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| expiration in avians | active
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| where pulmonary surfactant produced in avians | laminated osmiophillic bodies
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| when pulmonary surfactant produced in avians | day 18
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| type of system in mammals | closed
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| lungs expand in mammals? | yes
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| in mammals gas exchange occurs in | alveoli
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| inspiration in mammals | active
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| expiration in mammals | passive
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| where pulmonary surfactant produced in mammals | type II alveolar cells
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| when pulmonary surfactant produced in mammals | late pregnancy
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Created by:
adekkers
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