Water, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
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| Extracellular Fluid Compartment – 35%, | show 🗑
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| show | A person is in a state of water balance when daily gains and losses are equal. We gain
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| Water gain comes from two sources | show 🗑
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| Water loss comes from several sources | show 🗑
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| show | Insensible water loss & Obligatory Water Loss
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| show | a)Dehydration reduces blood volume/BP and increases blood osmolarity.
b)The anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus has a neural pool called the Thirst Center
that responds to multiple signs of dehydration:
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| Effects of Dehydration and the Physiological Response | show 🗑
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| show | a)Reduced osmolarity stops the osmoreceptor response, promotes capillary filtration and
makes the saliva more abundant and watery. But these changes require 30 minutes or
longer to take effect – and it would be impractical if one had to drink this long
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| Cooling and moistening of the mouth | show 🗑
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| show | if a dog is allowed to drink drained from its esophagus but its stomach is inflated w/ a balloon – its thirst is temporarily satisfied. If the water is drained away but the stomach is not inflated, satiation does not last as long.le the water is
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| show | The only way to significantly control water output is through variations in urine
volume.
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| show | Changes in urine volume are usually connected to adjustments in sodium reabsorption
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| Regulation of Output | show 🗑
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| show | As sodium is reabsorbed or excreted, proportionate amounts of water accompany it.
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| Changes in urine volume are usually connected to adjustments in sodium reabsorption | show 🗑
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| Changes in urine volume are usually connected to adjustments in sodium reabsorption | show 🗑
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | show 🗑
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | show 🗑
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | show 🗑
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| show | ii)Sodium continues to be excreted, so the ratio of sodium to water in the urine increases. By helping the kidneys retain water, ADH slows down the decrease in blood volume and the rise in its osmolarity.
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| show | if blood volume/BP are too high or blood osmolarity is too low – then ADH release is inhibited.
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| E. Disorders of Water Balance | show 🗑
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| Volume Depletion (Hypovolemia) | show 🗑
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| show | a. This occurs when the body eliminates significantly more water than sodium, so
the ECF osmolarity increases.
b. Causes of dehydration include lack of drinking water, diabetes mellitus, ADH
hyposecretion (diabetes insipidus), profuse sweating, overuse
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| The most serious effects of fluid deficiency are | show 🗑
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| Two types of fluid excesses | show 🗑
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| Volume Excess | show 🗑
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| show | Loss of a large amount of water and salt through urine/sweat – then replacing this by ingestion of plain water. Without a proportionate intake of electrolytes, water dilutes the ECF, makes it hypotonic and causes cellular swelling.
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| Hypotonic Hydration (Water intoxication or positive water balance) | show 🗑
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| Most serious effects of fluid excess | show 🗑
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| show | this is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces causing swelling of a tissue.
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| Hemorrhage | show 🗑
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| Pleural effusion | show 🗑
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| show | Body water is distributed among several fluid compartments – areas separated from
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| show | 65%
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| show | Water is continually exchanged b/w compartments by way of capillary walls and
plasma membranes. From the tissue fluid, water may be reabsorbed by the capillaries, osmotically
absorbed into cells or taken up by the lymphatic system, which returns blood
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| Osmosis | show 🗑
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| show | The most abundant solutes are electrolytes – especially sodium salts in the ECF and
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| Electrolytes | show 🗑
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| show | Water lost in the urine accounts for 1,500 mL/day
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| Feces | show 🗑
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| Expired air | show 🗑
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| show | Accounts for loss of 100 mL/day.
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| show | Accounts for loss of 400 mL/day.
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| show | Sodium continues to be excreted, so the ratio of sodium to water in the urine
increases. By helping the kidneys retain water, ADH slows down the decrease in
blood volume and the rise in its osmolarity.
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