Human Development and Genetics
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| The period from fertilization of the egg(zygote) until birth is called? | Gestation
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| Gestation lasts for? | 40 weeks
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| When ONE of the millions of sperm joins the egg to combine DNA and for a zygote is called? | Fertilization
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| ONE of the millions of sperm joins the egg to combine DNA and form a? | Zygote
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| A change or maturation of the sperm that takes place as it is swimming through the uterus is called? | Capacitation
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| What part of the sperm that becomes more fragile is the? | Acrosome
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| Capacitation allows acrosome to burst and digest the? | Egg cell membrane
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| Once a sperm enters the egg, the membrane changes to block another _________ from entering? | Sperm
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| Nuclei fuse restoring the ______number? | diploid
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| How many pairs of autosomes are there? | 22
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| How many sex chromosomes are there? | 1 pair
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| XX = ? | Female
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| XY = ? | Male
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| Mitotic dividing of the zygote is? | Cleavage
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| What consists of 16 cells? | Morula
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| The point when the mass becomes hollow is called? | Blastocyst
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| What is the hollow space filled with fluid? | Blastocoele
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| What is the outer layer of the blastocyst called? | Trophoblast
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| What is the inner layer of the blastocyst? | Inner cell mass
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| Bonding of zygote to the uterine wall 5-8 days after fertilization is called? | Implantation
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| How many stages occur during implantation? | 4
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| During stage 1 of implantation, endometrium produces? | Carbohydrates
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| What stage of implantation does surface proteins on the blastocyst combine withe the carbohydrates? | Stage 2
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| During stage 3 of implantation, trophoblasts secrete? | Enzymes
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| Trophoblast secretes enzymes that digest the surface of the? | Endometrium
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| What happens during stage 4 of implantation? | Blastocyst sinks into the crater
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| What is the embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta? | Chorion
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| Chorion originates as the? | Trophoblast
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| What type of cells are in the inner cell mass? | Embyonic stem cells
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| Can all DNA(genes) can be expressed? | Yes
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| As mitosis continues, certain genes get switched off, others will be? | Expressed
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| There are how many kinds of cells at birth? | 200
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| What is the developing human from implantation to 8th week? | Embryo
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| What are the plate of cells within the blastocyst? | Embryonic disc
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| The 3 germ layers include? | Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
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| The outer germ layer is? | Ectoderm
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| The Ectoderm includes? | Epidermis and its derivatives, nervous system, lens, cornea, internal ear
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| The middle germ layer is? | Mesoderm
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| The Mesoderm includes? | Dermis, bone, cartilage, muscle, kidneys, blood
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| The inner germ layer is? | Endoderm
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| The Endoderm includes? | GI mucosa, respiratory mucosa, liver, thyroid, pancreas
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| What gives rise to the first blood cells and sex stem cells? | Yolk sac
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| The yolk sac becomes part of the? | Umbilical cord
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| Thin membrane that surrounds the embryo (amniotic sac)? | Amnion
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| The amnion contains? | Amniotic fluid
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| Amniotic fluid contains? | Urine, sloughed off cells
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| What is a sampling of amniotic fluid? | Amniocentesis
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| What the trophoblast is called as it develops? | Chorion
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| Projections from the chorion into the endometrium that become the fetal part of the placenta? | Chorionic Villi
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| The embryo takes form with head and limbs and beating heart at ____ weeks? | 4-5 weeks
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| The organ systems are established at ____ weeks? | 8
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| Fetal growth occurs during? | 9th - 40th week
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| The maternal and fetal tissue structures that separates fetal and maternal blood is called? | Placenta
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| The placenta is formed by the _____ week | 12th
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| What is a 7 inch diameter flat disc? | Placenta
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| The placenta produces ________ to maintain pregnancy? | Hormones
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| What is hCG? | human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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| hCG is produced by the? | Chorion of embryo
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| hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete? | Estrogen and progesterone
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| The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone to prevent? | Uterine contractions
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| hCG is excreted in? | Urine
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| Progesterone and estrogen inhibit? | FSH, LH, and further ovarian follicle development
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| Progesterone and estrogen prepare? | Mammary glands
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| What inhibits uterine contractions? | Relaxin
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| Relaxin permits stretching of? | Pubic symphysis and ligaments
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| Chorionic villi project into? | Maternal blood sinuses
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| O2, CO2, nutrients and waste products diffuse or are transported across? | Maternal blood sinuses
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| Placenta birthed after fetus is called? | Afterbirth
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| Connects fetus to placenta? | Umbilical cord
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| Transfers blood back and forth? | Umbilical cord
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| There are ____ arteries going ______ from fetus? | 2, away
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| There is ____ vein going ______ fetus? | 1, toward
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| Parturition means? | Birth
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| Sequence of events that occur during birth? | Labor
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| Dilation and effacement of the cervix occurs during which stage? | First
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| Amniotic sac breaks during which stage? | First
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| Mucus plug released during which stage? | First
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| Parturition occurs during which stage? | Second
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| Secreted from posterior pituitary to increase uterine contractions? | Oxytocin
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| What is breeched? | Head up
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| Surgical removal of fetus? | Caesarian section (C-section)
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| Delivery of the placenta occurs during which stage? | Third
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| As soon as birth occurs the fetus is called? | Infant
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| Stimulates medulla which starts respiration? | CO2
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| Breathing promotes pulmonary circulation which closes the? | Foramen ovale
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| After birth, what begins to constrict over next 3 months and 3 weeks? | Ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus
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| May occur as liver immaturity does not excrete bilirubin well? | Jaundice
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| Genetics is the study of? | Inheritance
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| Most of our characteristics are determined or influenced by? | Genetics
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| Our genetics contain? | Chromosomes and genes
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| What is the hereditary material? | DNA
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| DNA is a? | Double strand of nucleotides twisted into a double helix
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| DNA is made up of? | A,T,C,G
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| The entire genetic code is called? | Genome
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| The genetic code for one protein is called a? | Gene
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| Each amino acid comes from a triplet of 3 bases called a? | Codon
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| 100 Amino Acids = | 100 codons
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| 100 codons = | 30 bases
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| What occurs in the ribosomes? | Protein synthesis
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| DNA -> mRNA is called? | Transcription
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| What is a mirror image of DNA made in the nucleus? | mRNA
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| mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the? | Ribosome
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| mRNA -> protein (via tRNA) is called? | Translation
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| tRNA attaches to the? | mRNA
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| tRNA attaches to the mRNA at a site called the ______ complimentary to the __________? | Anti-codon, codon
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| tRNA picks up the corresponding amino acid and forms? | Peptide bonds
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| tRMA picks up the corresponding amino acid and forms peptide bonds to make a? | Protein
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| DNA -> mRNA -> tRNA -> ? | Protein
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| If a gene's information is used for something such as making a protein it is said to be? | Expressed
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| The genetic code for one protein is called a? | Gene
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| A gene is the genetic code for? | One protein
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| A human cell contains ______(number) chromosomes? | 46
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| 22 of the 46 chromosomes are called? | Autosomes
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| A human cell contains 22 pair of autosomes and? | 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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| The sex chromosome in women are called? | XX
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| The sex chromosome in men are called? | XY
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| Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that may also be called? | Maternal and paternal
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| The two members of a homologous pair of chromosomes have genes for? | The same traits
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| The possibilities for the expression of a gene are called? | Alleles
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| A person who has two similar genes for a particular trait is called? | Homozygous
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| A person who has two different genes for a particular trait is called? | Heterozygous
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| The genes a person has for a particular trait are called the? | Genotype
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| The expression of the genes a person has for a particular trait is called the? | Phenotype
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| A person's genotype for a particular trait refers to the? | Genes that are present
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| A person's phenotype for a particular trait refers to the? | Appearance of the trait; Expression of the gene
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| If a trait may appear in a person's phenotype when only one gene is present for it, the trait is called? | Dominant
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| if a trait may appear in a person's phenotype only when two genes are present, it is called? | Recessive
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| For the ABO blood types in people, the O allele is? | Recessive
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| For the ABO blood types in people, the A and B alleles are? | Co-dominant
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| The genes for sex-linked traits are found on the? | X chromosome
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| The actual physical genetic makeup, i.e., the sequence of bases on the DNA is called? | Genotype
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| The appearance of how the alleles are expressed is called? | Phenotype
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| Sex linked traits are also known as? | X-linked
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| What factors are also important in determining phenotype? | Environmental factors
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| Approximately how many human genes do we have? | 20,000-25,000
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| What is the human genome project? | Every gene has been mapped
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| What are diseases that are a result of malfunctioning DNA? | Genetic diseases
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| Sex linked traits are recessive, but always expressed in males because? | There is no dominant gent to suppress its expression
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| Sex linked traits are only expressed if females are? | Homozygous recessive
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| A carrier is a? | Heterozygous female
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| When a zygous undergoes cleavage, the process of cell division is? | Mitosis
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| A zygote begins a series of cell division called? | Cleavage
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| The early embryonic stage is a solid sphere of cells is the? | Morula
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| The early embryonic stage that is a hollow sphere of cells with an inner cell mass is the? | Blastocyst
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| The part of a blastocyst that secretes enzymes to permit implantation is the? | Trophoblast
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| Normal implantation of a blastocyst takes place in the? | Endometrium of the uterus
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| In the embryo, the 3 germ layers, or primary layers, are the? | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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| In the embryo, the epidermis and nervous system are derived from the? | Ectoderm
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| In the embryo, the bones and muscles are derived from the? | Mesoderm
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| In the embryo, the liver and lungs are derived from the? | Endoderm
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| In the placenta, oxygen and carbon dioxide move by the process of? | DIffusion
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