Carbs & Proteins
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| Monosaccharide | A simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form
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| 3 examples of a Monosac | glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| Disaccharide | 2 monosacs covalently joined by an o-glycosidic bond
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| Maltose | glucose + glucose
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| Lactose | glucose + galactose
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| Sucrose | glucose + fructose
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| Polysaccharide | linkage of multiple monosacs
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| examples of polysacs | starch and glycogen
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| Oligosaccharide | any carb that yields only a few monosac molecules upon hydrolysis
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| glycogenesis | glucose to glycogen
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| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose-6-phosphate from a non-carbohydrate source
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| glycolysis | the conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
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| Which glucose structure is predominant in the body? | D-glucose
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| Name the 3 enzymes needed in Carb metabolism. | salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and disaccharidase
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| What three carbs are absorbed during carb metabolism? | glucose, fructose, and galactose
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| What are the 3 metabolic pathways? | glycogen metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and energy production
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| 1 gram of carb supplies how many calories? Total body? | 4
1,480
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| What occurs during the fed state? | excess glucose converted to glycogen and stored in the liver, if more glucose is present than can be stored lipogenesis occurs
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| What occurs during the fasting state? | Glucose is immediately utilized and glycogen storage is utilized
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| What are the five regulatory hormones for glucose? | insulin, GH, glucagon, epinephrine, and thyroxine (T4)
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| What specimen do glucometers require? | whole blood
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| Diabetes Mellitus | do not have enough insulin to maintain levels of blood glucose
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| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 1=Pancreatic insufficiency
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| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2-overweight, "mature onset"
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| GDM | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-occurs in 1-5% of pregnant women
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| 4 steps in GDM screen | 1. perform between 24-28 weeks
2. 50 g oral glucose land
3. measure bld glu at 1 hr
4. if glu>140 mg/dl, then perform GTT
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| 2 consequences of GDM for the fetus | hypoglycemia or death
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| 3 steps in GTT | fasting glu is drawn, 75g of glu given orally, blood is collected 2 hours post (except when pregnant)
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| causes of hypoglycemia | medications, predisposing illness, and hospitalized patient
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| What is prealbumin? | plasma protein that binds thyroxine and T3
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| What is albumin? | transport protein that stores a wide variety of ligands
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| hyperalbuminemia | dehydration
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| hypoalbuminemia causes | impaired synthesis, increased catabolism, increased loss in urine or feces, reduced absorption of amino acids in intestines.
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| albumin determination | bromcresol green (most common) and purple
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| Alpha1-antitrypsin function | neutralize lysosomal elastase released by neutrophils, anti-protease activity
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| decrease in Alpha1-antitrypsin | seen in lung diseases (neonatal respiratory distress)
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| increase in Alpha1-antitrypsin | more common, an acute phase reactant
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| alpha1 lipoproteins (HDL) | transport of cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins, significant in hyperlipidemia
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| alpha1 lipoprotein method of determination | precipitation of LD and VLDL with salts and then re-run sample for cholesterol results
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| Haptoglobin (alpha 2 region)function | binds free Hb in serum
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| Haptoglobin clinical significance | used to detect and monitor acute phase reactions, hemolytic states will have an increase of haptoglobin
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| Determination of Haptoglobin | immunochemical assays
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| Alpha2-macroglobulin | probable vital in inflammation, increased in nephritic syndrome
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| Ceruloplasmin (in alpha 2 region) function | principal copper-containing protein of plasma
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| Clinical significance of ceruloplasmin | decreased in Wilson's disease (increased free serum copper), malnutrition
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| alpha2 lipoproteins (VLDL)function | transports hepatic synthesized trigylcerides and cholesterol
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| VLDL clinical significance | pancreatitis, increased risk of coronary heart disease
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| calculating VLDL | trig/50
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| transferrin (Beta region) | transportation of iron in the blood, useful in diagnosis of anemia: increased in IDA, N-dec in failure to incorporate iron in RBC
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| Beta lipoprotein (LDL) function | transportation of cholesterol, phospholipids and hormones
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| LDL clinical significance | increased in nephrosis and hyperlipidemia
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| LDL calculation | Total cholestrol- (VLDL + HDL)
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| Characterisitcs of total protein | contain 16% Nitrogen, all proteins react the same way chemically
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| Protein cellular functions | catalyze biochemical reactions, regulate metabolism, maintain oncotic pressure, transport, carry oxygen, affect hemostasis of the vasculature system
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| 3 globular proteins | Hb, enzymes, albumin
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| 3 fibrous protein | collagen, elastin, keratin
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| 3 conjugated proteins | lipoproteins, glycoproteins, mucoprotein, and metalloproteins
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| 3 major ingredients in electrophoresis | support media, buffer, and power source
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| decrease buffer affects electrophoresis how? | increases movement of protein due to increase in ionic strength
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| increase buffer affects electrophoresis how? | decreases movements because proteins become charged
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| increase voltage and time affects electrophoresis how? | increase migration of proteins, risk of running proteins off the gel (or denaturing them if voltage is too high)
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| Five distinct bands in serum total protein | albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma
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