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3 examples of a Monosac
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-Clinical Chem
Carbs & Proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Monosaccharide | A simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form |
| 3 examples of a Monosac | glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| Disaccharide | 2 monosacs covalently joined by an o-glycosidic bond |
| Maltose | glucose + glucose |
| Lactose | glucose + galactose |
| Sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| Polysaccharide | linkage of multiple monosacs |
| examples of polysacs | starch and glycogen |
| Oligosaccharide | any carb that yields only a few monosac molecules upon hydrolysis |
| glycogenesis | glucose to glycogen |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| gluconeogenesis | formation of glucose-6-phosphate from a non-carbohydrate source |
| glycolysis | the conversion of glucose to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy |
| Which glucose structure is predominant in the body? | D-glucose |
| Name the 3 enzymes needed in Carb metabolism. | salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and disaccharidase |
| What three carbs are absorbed during carb metabolism? | glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| What are the 3 metabolic pathways? | glycogen metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and energy production |
| 1 gram of carb supplies how many calories? Total body? | 4 1,480 |
| What occurs during the fed state? | excess glucose converted to glycogen and stored in the liver, if more glucose is present than can be stored lipogenesis occurs |
| What occurs during the fasting state? | Glucose is immediately utilized and glycogen storage is utilized |
| What are the five regulatory hormones for glucose? | insulin, GH, glucagon, epinephrine, and thyroxine (T4) |
| What specimen do glucometers require? | whole blood |
| Diabetes Mellitus | do not have enough insulin to maintain levels of blood glucose |
| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 1=Pancreatic insufficiency |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2-overweight, "mature onset" |
| GDM | Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-occurs in 1-5% of pregnant women |
| 4 steps in GDM screen | 1. perform between 24-28 weeks 2. 50 g oral glucose land 3. measure bld glu at 1 hr 4. if glu>140 mg/dl, then perform GTT |
| 2 consequences of GDM for the fetus | hypoglycemia or death |
| 3 steps in GTT | fasting glu is drawn, 75g of glu given orally, blood is collected 2 hours post (except when pregnant) |
| causes of hypoglycemia | medications, predisposing illness, and hospitalized patient |
| What is prealbumin? | plasma protein that binds thyroxine and T3 |
| What is albumin? | transport protein that stores a wide variety of ligands |
| hyperalbuminemia | dehydration |
| hypoalbuminemia causes | impaired synthesis, increased catabolism, increased loss in urine or feces, reduced absorption of amino acids in intestines. |
| albumin determination | bromcresol green (most common) and purple |
| Alpha1-antitrypsin function | neutralize lysosomal elastase released by neutrophils, anti-protease activity |
| decrease in Alpha1-antitrypsin | seen in lung diseases (neonatal respiratory distress) |
| increase in Alpha1-antitrypsin | more common, an acute phase reactant |
| alpha1 lipoproteins (HDL) | transport of cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins, significant in hyperlipidemia |
| alpha1 lipoprotein method of determination | precipitation of LD and VLDL with salts and then re-run sample for cholesterol results |
| Haptoglobin (alpha 2 region)function | binds free Hb in serum |
| Haptoglobin clinical significance | used to detect and monitor acute phase reactions, hemolytic states will have an increase of haptoglobin |
| Determination of Haptoglobin | immunochemical assays |
| Alpha2-macroglobulin | probable vital in inflammation, increased in nephritic syndrome |
| Ceruloplasmin (in alpha 2 region) function | principal copper-containing protein of plasma |
| Clinical significance of ceruloplasmin | decreased in Wilson's disease (increased free serum copper), malnutrition |
| alpha2 lipoproteins (VLDL)function | transports hepatic synthesized trigylcerides and cholesterol |
| VLDL clinical significance | pancreatitis, increased risk of coronary heart disease |
| calculating VLDL | trig/50 |
| transferrin (Beta region) | transportation of iron in the blood, useful in diagnosis of anemia: increased in IDA, N-dec in failure to incorporate iron in RBC |
| Beta lipoprotein (LDL) function | transportation of cholesterol, phospholipids and hormones |
| LDL clinical significance | increased in nephrosis and hyperlipidemia |
| LDL calculation | Total cholestrol- (VLDL + HDL) |
| Characterisitcs of total protein | contain 16% Nitrogen, all proteins react the same way chemically |
| Protein cellular functions | catalyze biochemical reactions, regulate metabolism, maintain oncotic pressure, transport, carry oxygen, affect hemostasis of the vasculature system |
| 3 globular proteins | Hb, enzymes, albumin |
| 3 fibrous protein | collagen, elastin, keratin |
| 3 conjugated proteins | lipoproteins, glycoproteins, mucoprotein, and metalloproteins |
| 3 major ingredients in electrophoresis | support media, buffer, and power source |
| decrease buffer affects electrophoresis how? | increases movement of protein due to increase in ionic strength |
| increase buffer affects electrophoresis how? | decreases movements because proteins become charged |
| increase voltage and time affects electrophoresis how? | increase migration of proteins, risk of running proteins off the gel (or denaturing them if voltage is too high) |
| Five distinct bands in serum total protein | albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma |
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