Terms for AP Human Geography chapters one through nine
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| Distribution | the arrangement of a feature in space
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| Density | the frequency with which something occurs in space
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| Arithmetic Density | the total number of objects in an area
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| Physiological Density | the number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture
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| Agricultural Density | the numer of farmers per unit of area of farmland
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| Concentration | the extent of a feature's spread over space
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| Pattern | the geometric arrangement of objects in space
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| Map | a two dimensional or flat scale model of earth's surface
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| Cartography | the science of mapmaking
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| Remote sensing | the acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long distance methods
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) | a high performance computer system that processes geographic data
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| Location | the position that something occupies on earth's surface
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| Toponym | the name given to a place on earth
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| Site | the physical character of a place
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| Situation | the location of a place relative to other places
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| Meridian | an arc drawn between the North and South poles
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| Parallel | a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
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| Longitude | the numbering system by which the location of each meridian is identified
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| Prime meridian | 0 degrees longitude
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| Latitude | the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel
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| Greenwhich mean time | the time in the time zone encompassing the prime meridian
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| International date line | The line where the clock sets forward or backward 24 hours
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| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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| Regional studies | an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena
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| Formal region | an area within which everyone shares in common one of more distinctive characteristics
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| Functional region | an area organized around a node or focal point
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| Vernacular region | a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
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| Culture | the body of customary beliefs material reaits and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
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| Cultural Ecology | The geographic study of human environment relationships
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| Environmental determinism | the approach that human actions were scientifically caused by environmental conditions
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| Possibilism | the theory that the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment
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| Resources | substances with usefulness
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| Podler | a peice of land that is created by draining water from an area
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| Scale | the relation of a feature's size on a map and its actual size on earh's surface
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| Globalization | a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
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| Transnational Corporation | a corporation that conducts reasearch operates factories and sells products in many countries
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| Space time compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place
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| Distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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| Diffusion | the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
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| Hearth | the place from which an innovation originates
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| Relocation Diffusion | the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
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| Expansion Diffusion | the spread of a feature ftom one place to another in a snowballing process
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| hierachical diffusion | the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to the other persons or places
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| Contagious Diffusion | the rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population
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| Stimulus diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
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| Uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
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| Demography | the scientific study of population characteristics
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| Overpopulation | the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard
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| Ecumene | the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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| Arithmetic density | the total numner of people divided by total land area
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| Crude birth rate | the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 of people alive in the society
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| Crude death rate | the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
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| Natural increase rate | the percentage by which a population grows in a year
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| Total fertility rate | the average numner of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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| Infant mortality rate | the annual numner of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births
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| Life expectanty | the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels
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| Demographic transition | the process of change in a society's population from a condition of high birth and death rates to low crude birth and death rates
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| Agricultural revolution | the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
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| Industrial revolution | a conjunction of major improvements in industrial techonlogy
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| Medical revoultion | diffusion of improved medical practices
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| zero population growth | crude birth rates and crude death rates are equal
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| Population pyramid | a bar graph which displays a population by age and gender groups
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| Dependency ratio | the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years
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| Sex ratio | the number of males per hundred females
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| Migration | a permanent move to a new location
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| Emigration | migration from a location
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| Immigration | migration to a location
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| Net migration | the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
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| Mobility | a more general term covering all types of movements from one place to another
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| Circulation | short term repetetive or cyclial movements
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| Push factor | a factor that induces people to move out of their present location
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| Pull Factor | a factor that induces people to move into a new location
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| Refugees | poeple who have been forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
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| Floodplain | the area of a river subject to flooding
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| Intervening obstacle | an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
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| International migration | permanent movement from one country to another
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| Internal migration | permanent movement within the same country
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| Interregional migration | movement from one region of a country to another
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| Intraregional Migration | movement within one region
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| Voluntary migration | permanent movement undertaken by choice
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| Forced migration | the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors
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| Migration transition | change in the migration pattern in a society
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| Undocumented immigrants | those who enter a country without proper papers
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| Chain migration | the migration of people to a specific location becuase relatives or members of the same nationality have migrated there
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| Quotas | maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the united states from another country during a one year period
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| Brain drain | a large scale emigration by talented people
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| Guest workers | citizens of poor countries that obtain jobs in western europe and the middle east
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| Counterurbanization | net migration from urban to rural areas
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| Habit | a repetitive act that a paricular individual performs
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| Custom | a repetitive act of a group
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| Folk culture | culture usually practiced by a small homogeneous rural group
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| Popular culture | culture usually practiced by large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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| Taboo | restrictions on behavior imposed by social custom
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| Language | a system of communication through speech
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| Literary tradition | a system of written communication
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| Offical language | the language used by the government for laws reports and public objects
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| Dialect | a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary spelling and pronunciation
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| Standard language | a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for public uses
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| British received pronunciation | upper class english dialect
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| Isogloss | a word usage boundary
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| Language family | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history
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| Language branch | a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
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| Language group | a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past
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| Vulgar latin | latin of the masses
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| Creole or creolized language | a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous lanugage of the people being dominated
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| Ideograms | writing in which each symbol represents a phrase or idea as opposed to a specific sound
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| Extinct language | languages no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world
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| Isolated language | a language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family
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| Lingua franca | a language of international communication
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| Franglais | the use of english in the french language
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| Universalizing religions | a religion that attempts to appeal to all people
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| Ethnic religion | a religion that appeals to primarily one group of people living in one place
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| Branch | a large and fundamental division within a religion
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| Sect | a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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| Denomination | a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
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| Monotheism | belief that there is only one god
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| Polytheist | belief that there is more than one god
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| Animism | belief that inanimate objects or events have discrete spirits and concious life
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| Missionaries | individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion
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| Pagan | the word for a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
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| Ghetto | a city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews
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| Pilgrimage | a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
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| Cosmogony | a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
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| Solstice | Time when the sun is farthest from the equator
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| Hierarchical religion | a religion with a well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units
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| Diocese | the basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church
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| Autonomous religions | self sufficient religions
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| Fundamentalism | a literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
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| Caste | the class hereditary order into which a hindu was assigned according to religious law
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| Ethnicity | identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland
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| Triangular slave trade | a trading pattern between the americas africa and europe during the eighteenth century
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| Sharecropper | a worker who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
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| Race | identity with a group of peole who share a biological ancestor
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| Racism | the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race
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| Racist | a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
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| Blockbusting | real estate sale in which the agents convinced peole living near black families to sell their houses for a very low price
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| Apartheid | the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas
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| Nationality | identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
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| Self-determination | the concepr that ethincities have the right to govern themselves
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| Nation-state | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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| Nationalism | loyalty and devotion to a nationality
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| Centripetal force | an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
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| Multi ethnic state | a state that contains more than one ethnicity
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| Multi national state | a multi ethnic state in which two ethnic groups have traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognising one another as nationalities
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| Ethnic cleansing | a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnicly homogenous region
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| Balkanized | a term describing a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because of ethnicity feuds
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| Balkanization | the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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| State | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has conrtol over its internal and foreign affairs
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| Sovereignty | independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
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| City-state | a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
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| Colonialism | the effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its principles on such territory
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| Boundary | an invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory
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| Compact state | a country in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary greatly
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| Prorupted state | a compact state with a large projecting extension
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| Elongated states | states with a long and narrow shape
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| Fragmented state | a state that includes several discontinous pieces of territory
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| Perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one
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| Landlocked state | a state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries
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| Frontier | a zone where no state exercises complete political control
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| Unitary state | a state that places most power in the hands of central government officals
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| Federal state | a state that allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
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| Balance of power | a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
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| Development | the process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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| MDC (relatively developed country)(developed country) | a country that has progressed further along the development continuum
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| LDC (developing country) | a country that has made little progress and expects to continue
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| Gross Domestic Product | the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country usually within a year
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| Primary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with extracting materials from the earth
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| Secondary sector | the portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing of materials
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| Tertiary sector | the provision of goods and servives to people in exchange for payment
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| Productivity | the value ot a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
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| Value added | the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
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| Literacy rate | the percentage of a country's people who can read and write
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| Structural adjustment program | economic policies that create conditions encouraging international trade
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