US Hot Topics
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| Open Range | Vast area of grassland owned by the federal government
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| Homestead Act | Land given to farmers by the federal government. Must farm for 5 years.
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| Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad that connected the East Coast with the West Coast. Facilitated movement of settlers west.
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| Exodusters | African-American farmers that moved to the Great Plains
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| Pacific Railway Act | Signed by Lincoln. Gave railroad companies the ability to begin construction of railroads.
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| 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery.
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| Dawes Act | Act brought up by the federal government to attempt to assimilate the Native Americans. Break up reservations into smaller plots and teach Native Americans how to farm.
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| 14th Amendment | Gave citizenship rights to African Americans
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| Laissez-Faire | Style of government. "Hands-off". Government has little control of businesses.
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| 16th Amendment | Created the Federal Income Tax by President Wilson
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| Robber Barons | Men who became rich through less-than-ethical means.
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| Monopoly | Total control of a type of industry by one person or one company
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| Social Darwinism | Human society progress and became better because only the fittest people survived. "Survival of the fittest PERSON or BUSINESS.
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| Bessemer Process | Process of making iron into steel. Revolutionized American business and construction.
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| 15th Amendment | Gave all males in the US voting rights.
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| Labor Union | Group of workers that banded together to fight for more money, less hours, and better working conditions.
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| Ellis Island | Island where European immigrants were processed and admitted into the US.
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| Angel Island | Island where Asian immigrants were processed and admitted into the US. More difficult than Ellis Island.
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| Chinese Exclusion Act | Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in the US from becoming citizens.
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| Arbitration | To come together and compromise on issues that are being disputed.
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| Tenements | Horrible living conditions in large cities. Places where large families lived in single-room apartments and unsanitary conditions.
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| Inflation | An increase in prices or decline in purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply of money.
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| Pendleton Act | Civil Service Reform Act. To get a government job, you must now pass a test. Attempted to get rid of patronage.
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| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Declared any combination of trusts (monopolies) illegal.
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| Interstate Commerce Act | Regulated the railroads
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| Populist Party | Political party made of mostly farmers. Wanted direct election of senators, silver as a backing of money, and regulation of the railroads
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| Jim Crow Laws | Laws of segregation
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| Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) | Ruled separate but equal facilities constitutional
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| Booker T Washington | African-American civil rights activist. Created Tuskegee Institute. Wanted African-Americans to receive equality through education.
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| Yellow Journalism | Type of journalism that exaggerated the stories.
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| Tariff | Tax on imports.
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| Spanish-American War | War between Spain and US. War that is associated with US imperialism.
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| Panama Canal | Built during Teddy Roosevelt's administration. Created to cut military travel time from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
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| Roosevelt Corollary | Extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Attempted to keep Europe out of Latin America. Nickname- Big Stick Diplomacy
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| Dollar Diplomacy | Created under the Taft Administration. Using the nation's economic power to exert influence over other countries.
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| Muckrakers | A journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society.
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| Socialism | Belief that business should be publicly owned and run by the government.
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| Eighteenth Amendment | Prohibited the production, sale, or transportation of alcohol in the US.
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| Nineteenth Amendment | Women's right to vote
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| Pure Food and Drug Act | Prohibited the manufacture, slae, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drug.
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| Progressivism | Popular movement during the late 1800s involving the middle class. Wanted advancements in social welfare, democracy, economic reform, and efficiency
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| Conservationist | Individual who wanted to protect environment
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| Federal Reserve System | Banks would have to keep a portion of their deposits in a regional reserve, which would provide a financial cushion against unanticipated losses.
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| NAACP | National Association of the Advancement of Colored People. Worked for African American civil rights. Founded by WEB Dubois.
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| Sussex Pledge | Pledge between Germany and the US in WWI. Germany promised to refrain from blowing up American ships in the Atlantic without first warning the vessel.
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| 17th Amendment | Direct Election of Senators
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| League of Nations | Wilson's 14th Point. "General association of nations" that would help preserve peace and prevent future wars.
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| Palmer Raids | A Mitchell Palmer's way of rounding up immigrants thought to have communist ties and deporting them.
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| National Origins Act | Made immigrant restriction a permanent policy and tightened how many immigrants could come into the US.
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| Scopes Trial | AKA "Monkey Trail". John Scopes of TN taken to court for teaching evolution.
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| Harlem Renaissance | Period of explosion of Africa-American arts, literature and music.
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| 20th Amendment | Ended "lame duck" session of Congress. Shortened the length of time between the ending of one term and the beginning of another term.
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| 21st Amendment | Repealed prohibition.
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| Hoovervilles | Shanty towns built in open fields during the Great Depression. Built from anything that could be used. Named in sarcastic honor of Hoover.
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| Bonus Army | Veterans of WWI who marched on Washington demanding the advancement of a veteran's bonus. Displaced by Hoover and Douglas MacArthur.
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| Scheck vs US | Supreme Court case in 1919. Stated that under wartime conditions, the words in pamphlets were not protected by the right of free speech.
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| FDIC | Federal Depository Insurance Commission. Provided government insurance for bank deposits up to a certain amount. Increased public confidence in banks.
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| Wagner Act | AKA- National Labor Relations Act. Guaranteed workers the right to organize unions without interference from employers and to bargain collectively.
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| Huey Long | Promoted the "Share Our Wealth" program in response to FDR's Second New Deal.
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| WPA | Works Progress Administration. Created in FDR's Second New Deal. Built public roads, buildings, and parks.
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| United Nations | An international peacekeeping organization founded to promote world peace, security, and economic development.
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| Lend-Lease Act | The US would be able to lend or lease arms to any country considered "vital to the defense of the US".
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| Yalta Conference | US, Great Britain, and Russia's meeting to discuss the postwar world.
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| Manhattan Project | US secret meeting to create the atomic bomb.
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| "Rosie the Riveter" | Representation of woman used to encourage women to enter the workforce and show women's strength.
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| Korematsu vs US | Supreme court decision that ruled that the relocation of Japanese-Americans was constitutional because it was based not on race, but on military urgency.
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| "Iron Curtain" | The political and military barrier that isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe after WWII.
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| United Nations | An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945.
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| Containment | Policy of US during the Cold War. Attempted to contain communism in countries and keep communism out of other countries.
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| HUAC | House Un-American Activities Committee. Formed to investigate communist activities in the US.
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| McCarthyism | Tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges.
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| Brinkmanship | Policy of promising to go to the very edge of war.
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| Sputnik | 1st unmanned satellite to go to outer space. USSR-made.
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| GI Bill | Provided generous loans to veterans to help them establish businesses, buy homes, and attend colleges.
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| Beat Generation | Mostly white artists, poets, and writers that wanted to live an unconventional life outside the style of the 1950s.
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| Brown vs Board of Education | Ruled separate but equal policy unconstitutional.
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| Cuban Missile Crisis | Standoff between US and Cuba. US threatened Cuba and USSR with war because Cuba had nuclear missiles pointed at US.
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| Cold War | A state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the US and the Soviet Union after WWII.
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| 23rd Amendment | Gives the District of Columbia voting rights.
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| Great Society | President Johnson's political ideology.
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| Affirmative Action | A policy that seeks to correct the effect of past discrimination by favoring the groups that were previously disadvantaged.
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| SNCC | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Played a key role in desegregating public facilities between 1960-1965.
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| Freedom Summer | Summer of 1964. Black and white Northerners came to the South to register African-American voters.
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| Malcolm X | Early symbol of Black Power. Early life- part of the Nation of Islam and preached black and white integration was impossible. Later life- Believed integration was possible. Assassinated by Nation of Islam.
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| Black Power | Belief that African-Americans should end racial oppression and control of major institutions and services in the African-American community.
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| Roe vs Wade | Supreme Court ruling that said state governments could not regulate abortion during the first three months of pregnancy but could ban abortions in the final three months.
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| Ceasar Chavez | Helped establish the National Farm Workers Association. Non violent association that worked to improve worker's condition.
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| AIM | American Indian Movement. Wanted restoration of lands and recognition of Native American government.
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| EPA | Environmental Protection Agency. Set and enforced pollution standards.
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| Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader of North Vietnam
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| Ngo Dinh Diem | Leader of the Republican South Vietnam
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| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | US ship was fired upon in the Tonkin Gulf. Led President Johnson to send first combat troops to defend South Vietnam.
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| Tet Offensive | Led by Vietcong in South Vietnam. First major victory by communists. Showed US that the war was going to last longer than anticipated.
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| 26th Amendment | 18 year olds given the right to vote
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| Pentagon Papers | Leak showing Johnson was prepared to go to and stay in Vietnam longer than he had originally said.
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| Vietnamization | The process of making South Vietnam assume more of the war effort by slowly withdrawing American troops from Vietnam.
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| War Powers Act | Limited the power of the president to send troops into a war.
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| Watergate | Nixon's downfall. Connected to the burglary and cover up of the break-in at the DNC.
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| 24th Amendment | Ended the poll tax.
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| 25th Amendment | Presidential Line of Succession.
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| Star Wars | A proposed defense system during intended to protect the US against missile attacks
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| Desert Storm | Attack launched by President George Bush to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control (1991)
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| Patriot Act | US law that allows the government the power to conduct search and surveillance of suspected terrorists.
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| 27th Amendment | Congressional pay raises will take effect after the representatives have been re-elected.
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| Love Canal | Houses built on hazardous waste materials.
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| North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement | A 1993 treaty that lowered tariffs and brought Mexico into the free-trade zone established by the US and Canada.
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| Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) | A program administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with children.
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