Research Methods Test 2
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| Narrative Review | show 🗑
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| Systematic Review | show 🗑
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| show | -Quantitatively combines the results of studies that are the result of a systematic literature review -Capable of performing a statistical analysis of the pooled results of relevant studies
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| Systematic reviews | show 🗑
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| show | -Increased sample sizes -Can control for between-study variation
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| Disadvantages of systematic reviews | show 🗑
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| Meta-analysis | show 🗑
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| Hierarchy of Evidence | show 🗑
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| show | -Planning the review (ID of the need for a review, preparation of a proposal for review, and development of a review protocol) -Conducting the review (ID of research, selection of studies, study quality assessment, data extraction and synthesis)
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| show | -Compares different studies -Statistically different when 95% confidence intervals cross effect line
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| Narrative reviews advantages | show 🗑
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| Narrative reviews disadvantages | show 🗑
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| show | -Present a comprehensive review of the literature based on all available research with regard to a focused research question -Provide an estimate of the "true" answer to the research question
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| show | -Specialized expertise of reviewers is required -Involve a formal research protocol -Findings are only relevant to a single question
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| show | -File Drawer Problem = only positive data presented, the rest are put in the file drawer -In situ = some parts of the studies published
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| show | Similarity between studies, increases their ability to be compared
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| Study heterogeneity | show 🗑
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| show | -Subgroup analysis (older v younger)= may be more valid, reduce stat power -Meta regression analysis = analysis of hetero. between subgroups -Sensitivity analysis = considers variation between factors other than subjects -Cumulative meta-analysis
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| show | Introduction (What was asked)
Methods (How was it studied)
Results (What was found)
and
Discussion
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| Introduction | show 🗑
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| Methods | show 🗑
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| show | Key findings
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| Discussion | show 🗑
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| Incidence | show 🗑
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| show | estimate of proportion of unaffected person who will develop the disease of interest over a specified period of time
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| Odds Ratio (OR) | show 🗑
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| Prevalence | show 🗑
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| show | proportion of population with disease at a given time (can miss episodic conditions)
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| show | proportion of population that has disease within a defined period of time
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| show | 3 key criteria:
Temporality (temporal precedence)
Consistency
Dose-response
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| show | A causes B
or
B causes A
or
X causes A + B
A not related to B; occurrence is a mere chance
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| show | Reproduction of study results in different populations
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| Dose response | show 🗑
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| Bradford Hill's Criteria of Causation | show 🗑
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| Cohort studies | show 🗑
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| Case-control study | show 🗑
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| For case-control studies you must calculate ________ and not __________ | show 🗑
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| show | ad/bc a=exposed cases b=exposed controls c=nonexposed cases d=nonexposed controls
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| Case-control studies advantages | show 🗑
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| Case-control studies disadvantages | show 🗑
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| show | systematic differences between cases and controls in ability to recall past exposures
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| Berkson's bias | show 🗑
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| Stratified analysis | show 🗑
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| Cohort studies | show 🗑
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| show | Discreet--> smokers vs. nonsmokers Continuous--> cholesterol levels
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| show | Tracking cohort with early stage of chronic condition
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| show | -Less subject to bias than case-control studies bc exposure levels evaluated before disease develops -Best design to determine risk level -Better for studying relatively common diseases -Most expensive type of epidemiological study, but cheaper than RCTs
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| show | The odds ratio will tend to OVERESTIMATE the risk ratio
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| Relative Risk (RR) in cohort studies | show 🗑
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| show | AR or ARR= a/(a+b) - c/(c+d)
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| show | Comparative reduction in rates of bad outcomes between experimental and control groups............RRR = ARR // c/(c+d)
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| show | # of patients would would need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome......NNT = 1/ARR........related term = NNH (number needed to harm
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| Cohort studies advantages | show 🗑
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| show | -Typically very expensive -Many people must be followed to obtain enough with the disease -Very time-consuming -Subjects frequently drop out of study over time -Difficult to generate a control group to study very common conditions
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| Case studies | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Unique case 2) Unexpected association 3) Unexpected development 4) Unusual presentation
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| show | NO, a case study is more in depth
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| Purposes of case reports | show 🗑
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| Limitations of case reports | show 🗑
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| Case series | show 🗑
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| SSTSDs | show 🗑
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| show | -Condition is chronic -Condition is stable -Spontaneous remission is not likely -Previous treatment has had limited success -No concurrent treatment is involved
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| show | Stable downward and accelerating downward trend
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| Multiple baseline design | show 🗑
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| Descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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| 4 types of descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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| Frequency distribution | show 🗑
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| show | Mean of a sample or mean of a population
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| show | Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
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| Nominal | show 🗑
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| Ordinal | show 🗑
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| Interval | show 🗑
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| Ratio | show 🗑
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| Normal distribution | show 🗑
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| show | Unimodal = 1 peak, Bimodal = 2 peaks, Multimodal = < 2 peaks
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| Standard error of the mean | show 🗑
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| show | 68.3% confidence interval
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| show | 95.5% confidence interval
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| show | 99.7% confidence interval
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| show | the higher the standard deviation (larger spread)
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| The narrower the bars on the histogram are distributed... | show 🗑
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| Skewed distributions | show 🗑
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| show | Z-score is the percentage to the left of the point in question, to find the other side, subject that percentage from 100%
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| show | Type 1 error, the odds of saying the hypothesis is true when it is actually false
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| show | CORRECT DECISION, the odds of saying the hypothesis is false when it actually is false
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| show | CORRECT DECISION, the odds of saying the hypothesis is true when it cannot be proven to be false
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| show | Type 2 error, the odds of saying the hypothesis is false, when it cannot be proven to be false
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