Research Methods Test 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Narrative Review | show 🗑
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| show | -Utilizes exacting search strategies to make certain that the maximum extent of relevant research has been considered -Original articles are methodologically appraised and synthesized
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| show | -Quantitatively combines the results of studies that are the result of a systematic literature review -Capable of performing a statistical analysis of the pooled results of relevant studies
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| Systematic reviews | show 🗑
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| show | -Increased sample sizes -Can control for between-study variation
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| Disadvantages of systematic reviews | show 🗑
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| show | Statistical analysis of results of several similar studies (aka quantitative synthesis) -Type of quantitative systematic review, or included as part of systematic review
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| Hierarchy of Evidence | show 🗑
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| Stages and phases involved in a systematic review | show 🗑
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| Forest plots | show 🗑
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| show | -Present a general overview covering a specific topic that provides primary information or an update, or both -Fairly easy for novice authors to prepare
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| Narrative reviews disadvantages | show 🗑
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| show | -Present a comprehensive review of the literature based on all available research with regard to a focused research question -Provide an estimate of the "true" answer to the research question
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| show | -Specialized expertise of reviewers is required -Involve a formal research protocol -Findings are only relevant to a single question
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| show | -File Drawer Problem = only positive data presented, the rest are put in the file drawer -In situ = some parts of the studies published
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| show | Similarity between studies, increases their ability to be compared
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| Study heterogeneity | show 🗑
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| show | -Subgroup analysis (older v younger)= may be more valid, reduce stat power -Meta regression analysis = analysis of hetero. between subgroups -Sensitivity analysis = considers variation between factors other than subjects -Cumulative meta-analysis
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| show | Introduction (What was asked)
Methods (How was it studied)
Results (What was found)
and
Discussion
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| Introduction | show 🗑
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| Methods | show 🗑
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| Results | show 🗑
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| show | Conclusion = key conclusions including direct clinical application
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| Incidence | show 🗑
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| Risk | show 🗑
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| show | odds of developing disease in exposed group / odds of developing disease in unexposed group
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| Prevalence | show 🗑
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| Point prevalence | show 🗑
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| Period prevalence | show 🗑
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| show | 3 key criteria:
Temporality (temporal precedence)
Consistency
Dose-response
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| Temporality | show 🗑
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| show | Reproduction of study results in different populations
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| Dose response | show 🗑
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| show | Strength of Association
Consistency
Specificity in the case
Temporality
Dose-response relationship = increase dose -> increase occurrence
Plausibility
Coherence
Experimental evidence
Analogy
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| Cohort studies | show 🗑
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| Case-control study | show 🗑
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| show | Odds Ratio (OR), risk
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| OR formula | show 🗑
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| Case-control studies advantages | show 🗑
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| show | -Typically rely on patients recall of past exposure -Do not permit calulation of true disease rates in the population -Difficult to validate information on exposure -Other variables that may be associated with disease are not controlled
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| Recall bias | show 🗑
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| Berkson's bias | show 🗑
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| show | Cnsiders confounding variable (e.g. alcohol consumption and lung cancer) -Looks at effect each independent variable has on outcome separately
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| show | -Follow a disease free group of subjects forward in time -Some subjects are exposed to a risk factor and some are not -Purpose is to see if there is a greater proportion of disease among those who are exposed to the risk factor
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| Discreet vs Continuous variables | show 🗑
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| Inception cohort study | show 🗑
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| show | -Less subject to bias than case-control studies bc exposure levels evaluated before disease develops -Best design to determine risk level -Better for studying relatively common diseases -Most expensive type of epidemiological study, but cheaper than RCTs
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| When an outcome in a research study is common (occurs in more than 10% of the unexposed group)... | show 🗑
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| Relative Risk (RR) in cohort studies | show 🗑
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| Attributable risk (AR) in cohort studies AND Absolute risk reduction (ARR) in cohort studies | show 🗑
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| Relative risk reduction (RRR) in cohort studies | show 🗑
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| show | # of patients would would need to be treated in order to prevent one additional bad outcome......NNT = 1/ARR........related term = NNH (number needed to harm
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| Cohort studies advantages | show 🗑
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| Cohort studies disadvantages | show 🗑
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| Case studies | show 🗑
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| 4 types of case studies | show 🗑
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| show | NO, a case study is more in depth
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| show | -Detect rare conditions -Educational value -Learn how other doctors manage certain cases
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| show | -Susceptible to many biases -Unable to test hypotheses -Does not determine the effectiveness of an intervention - Unable to generalize results to other patients or practices
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| show | Are especially prone to: Selection, observation, and publication bias (can be subjected to meta analysis)
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| SSTSDs | show 🗑
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| Suitable candidates for SSTSDs | show 🗑
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| show | Stable downward and accelerating downward trend
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| show | Variant: Simultaneous replication design........-Patients begin studies at same time -Treatment administered sequentially to patients only after clear treatment effect is observed for prior patient
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| Descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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| 4 types of descriptive statistics | show 🗑
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| show | Usually in a histogram
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| show | Mean of a sample or mean of a population
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| Levels of measurement | show 🗑
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| show | Counting, central tendency=MODE, example=NUMBERS
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| show | Greater or less than operations, central tendency=MEDIAN, example=MILITARY RANK
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| Interval | show 🗑
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| show | Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, central tendency=(symmetrical) MEAN / (skewed) MEDIAN, example=Kelvin, R.O.M.
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| show | Symmetrical, unimodal histogram where the Mean=Median=Mode (they are in the same position, in the center of the Bell curve)
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| show | Unimodal = 1 peak, Bimodal = 2 peaks, Multimodal = < 2 peaks
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| Standard error of the mean | show 🗑
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| 1 standard deviation from the mean | show 🗑
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| 2 standard deviations from the mean | show 🗑
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| 3 standard deviations from the mean | show 🗑
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| show | the higher the standard deviation (larger spread)
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| The narrower the bars on the histogram are distributed... | show 🗑
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| show | -Positive skews have tails extending to the right, where negative skews have tails to the left -Mean is drawn towards the tail -Mode is at the peak -Median is between
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| show | Z-score is the percentage to the left of the point in question, to find the other side, subject that percentage from 100%
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| show | Type 1 error, the odds of saying the hypothesis is true when it is actually false
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| show | CORRECT DECISION, the odds of saying the hypothesis is false when it actually is false
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| True H(o) ---> Fail to reject H(o) | show 🗑
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| show | Type 2 error, the odds of saying the hypothesis is false, when it cannot be proven to be false
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Created by:
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