Muscles [Complete]
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| Frontalis | Origin: Aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin of eyebrow
Action: Elevates eyebrows; Wrinkles forehead
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| Orbicularis oculi | Origin: Frontal & maxillary bones
Insertion: Tissue of eyelids
Action: Closes eyes as in blinking
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| Buccinator | Origin: Maxilla & mandible
Insertion: Orbicularis oris
Action: Compresses cheeks inward (whistling and sucking)
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| Zygomaticus | Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: Skin & muscle at corner of mouth
Action: Raises corners of mouth (smiling)
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| Orbicularis oris | Origin: Maxilla & mandible
Insertion: Skin & muscle around mouth
Action: Puckers & closes the lips
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| Temporalis | Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Mandible (coronoid process)
Action: Elevates mandible
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| Masseter | Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Mandible (ramus)
Action: Elevates mandible
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| Sternocleidomastoid | Origin: Sternum (manubrium); Clavicle
Insertion: Temporal bone (mastoid process)
Action: Rotates the head to the opposite side (one); Flexes head (both)
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| Trapezius | Origin: Occipital bone; Thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Clavicle; Scapula (spine & acromion process)
Action: Elevates & adducts scapula; Extends neck
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| Levator scapulae | Origin: Vertebrae (upper cervical)
Insertion: Superior scapula
Action: Elevates & adducts scapula at superior angle
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| Rhomboid major & minor | Origin: Vertebrae (C7-T5)
Insertion: Scapula (medial border)
Action: Adducts scapula
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| Pectoralis minor | Origin: Ribs (3-5)
Insertion: Scapula (coracoid process)
Action: Oulls scapula downward & forward (abduct)
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| Serratus anterior | Origin: Ribs (upper 8)
Insertion: Scapula (anterior vertebral border)
Action: Pulls scapula against the chest wall
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| Supraspinatus | Origin: Scapula (supraspinous fossa)
Insertion: Humerus (greater tubercle)
Action: Hold head of humerus stable in glenoid cavity; Abduction of humerus (30°)
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| Infraspinatus | Origin: Scapula (infraspinous fossa)
Insertion: Humerus (greater tubercle)
Action: Hold head of humerus stable in glenoid cavity; Lateral rotation & adduction of humerus
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| Teres minor | Origin: Scapula (axillary border)
Insertion: Humerus (greater tubercle)
Action: Hold head of humerus stable in glenoid cavity; Lateral rotation of humerus
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| Subscapularis | Origin: Scapula (subscapular fossa)
Insertion: Humerus (lesser tubercle)
Action: Hold head of humerus stable in glenoid cavity; Medial rotation
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| Pectoralis major | Origin: Clavicle, sternum & ribs (1-6)
Insertion: Humerus (intertubercular groove)
Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint
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| Deltoid | Origin: Lateral clavicle; scapula (spine & acromion process)
Insertion: Humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
Action: Abducts, flexes & medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint
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| Coracobrachialis | Origin: Scapula (coracoid process)
Insertion: Humerus (shaft)
Action: Adducts & flexes humerus at shoulder joint (synergist to pectoralis major)
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| Latissimus dorsi | Origin: Vertebrae (lumbodorsal fascia); Iliac crest & ribs (lower 4)
Insertion: Humerus (intertubercular groove)
Action: Adducts, extends & medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint
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| Teres major | Origin: Scapula (inferior border & lateral border)
Insertion: Humerus (intertubercular groove)
Action: Adducts, extends & medially rotates humerus at shoulder joint (synergist to latissimus dorsi)
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| Biceps brachii | Origin: Short head - Scapula (coracoid process); Long head - Scapula (supraglenoid tubercle)
Insertion: Radius (radial tuberosity)
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow (synergist to brachiallis); Supinates forearm
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| Barchialis | Origin: Humerus (anterior shaft)
Insertion: Ulna (coronoid process)
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow
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| Brachioradialis | Origin: Humerus (lateral supracondylar ridge)
Insertion: Radius (styloid process)
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow (synergist to biceps brachii)
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| Triceps brachii (long, lateral, medial) | Origin: Scapula (infraglenoid tubercle); Posterior proximal humerus
Insertion: Ulna (olecranon process)
Action: Extends forearm at elbow
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| Flexor carpi muscles (radialis, ulnaris) | Origin: Humerus (medial epicondyle)
Insertion: Metacarpals
Action: Flex hand at wrist
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| Flexor digitorum muscles (superficialis, profundus, flexor pollicis) | Origin: Distal humerus; Proximal radius or ulna
Insertion: Middle or distal phalanges
Action: Flex the fingers
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| Extensor carpi muscles (radialis, ulnaris) | Origin: Distal, lateral humerus
Insertion: Metacarpals
Action: Extend hand at wrist
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| Extensor digitorum | Origin: Humerus (lateral epicondyle)
Insertion: Distal phalanges
Action: Extends the hands & fingers
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| Rectus abdominis | Origin: Pubic bone (crest & symphysis)
Insertion: Sternum (xiphoid process); Ribs (costal cartilages of ribs 5-7)
Action: Flexes & rotates lumbar vertebrae; Stabilizes pelvis
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| External oblique | Origin: Ribs (lower 8)
Insertion: Ilium (iliac crest); Linea alba
Action: Flexes vertebrae & compresses abdomen; Lateral trunk flexion & rotation
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| Internal oblique | Origin: Ilium (iliac crest)
Insertion: Pubic bone & lower ribs; Linea alba
Action: Flexes vertebrae & compresses abdomen; Lateral trunk flexion & rotation
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| Tansversus abdominis | Origin: Ilium (iliac crest); Ribs (lower 6)
Insertion: Pubic bone; Linea alba
Action: Compresses abdomen
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| External intercostals | Origin: Inferior border of rib above
Insertion: Superior border of rib below
Action: Pulls ribs towards one another to elevate rib cage; Aid in inspiration (synergist to diaphragm)
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| Internal intercostals | Origin: Superior border of rib below
Insertion: Inferior border of rib above
Action: Draws ribs together to depress rib cage
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| Diaphragm | Origin: Inferior border of rib cage & sternum; Margins of thoracic cage
Insertion: Central tendon of diaphragm
Action: Contract to cause inspiration
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| Sartorius | Origin: Ilium (anterior superior iliac spine)
Insertion: Tibia (medial surface)
Action: Flexes & laterally rotates thigh; Flexes knee
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| Tensor fasciae latae | Origin: Ilium (iliac crest)
Insertion: Iliotibial tract
Action: Flexes & abducts thigh; Rotates thigh medially
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| Iliopsoas | Origin: Ilium; Lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Femur (lesser trochanter)
Action: Flexes thigh towards the trunk; Rotates thigh laterally
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| Gluteus maxiumus | Origin: Posterior ilium; Sacrum & coccyx
Insertion: Femur (gluteal tuberosity); Iliotibial tract
Action: Extends thigh at the hip; Rotates thigh laterally
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| Gluteus medius | Origin: Ilium (lateral surface)
Insertion: Femur (greater trochanter)
Action: Abducts & medially rotates thigh
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| Gluteus minimus | Origin: Ilium (lateral surface)
Insertion: Femur (greater trochanter)
Action: Abducts & medially rotates thigh
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| Adductor longus | Origin: Pubic bone (pubic symphysis)
Insertion: Femur (linea aspera)
Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh
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| Adductor brevis (humans) Adductor femoris (cats) | Origin: Pubic bone (inferior ramus)
Insertion: Femur (linea aspera)
Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh
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| Adductor magnus | Origin: Ischium & pubic bone
Insertion: Femur (adductor tubercle & linea aspera)
Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh (anterior part); Extends thigh (posterior part)
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| Pectineus | Origin: Pubic bone (pubic spine)
Insertion: Posterior femur
Action: Adducts, flexes & medially rotates thigh
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| Gracilis | Origin: Pubic bone (pubic symphysis)
Insertion: Tibia (proximal medial surface)
Action: Adducts thigh; Flexes & medially rotates leg
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| QUADRICEPS Rectus femoris | Origin: Ilium (iliac spine)
Insertion: Patella & tibia via the patellar ligament
Action: Extends leg at knee & flexes thigh at hip
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| QUADRICEPS Vastus lateralis | Origin: Femur (greater trochanter)
Insertion: Patella & tibia via the patellar ligament
Action: Extends leg at knee
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| QUADRICEPS Vastus medialis | Origin: Femur (medial surface)
Insertion: Patella & tibia via the patellar ligament
Action: Extends leg at knee; Stabilizes patella
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| QUADRICEPS Vastus intermedius | Origin: Femur (anterior & lateral surface)
Insertion: Patella & tibia via the patellar ligament
Action: Extends leg at knee
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| HAMSTRINGS Biceps femoris (2 heads) | Origin: Long head - Ischium (ischial tuberosity); Short head - Femur (linea aspera)
Insertion: Tibia (lateral condyle); Fibula (head)
Action: Flexes & rotates leg laterally; Extends thigh
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| HAMSTRINGS Semitendinosus | Origin: Ischium (ischial tuberosity)
Insertion: Tibia (upper medial surface of shaft)
Action: Flexes & rotates leg medially; Extends thigh
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| HAMSTRINGS Semimembranosus | Origin: Ischium (ischial tuberosity)
Insertion: Tibia (medial condyle)
Action: Flexes & rotates leg medially; Extends thigh
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| Tibialis anterior | Origin: Tibia (lateral condyle & surface)
Insertion: Medial cuneiform & 1st metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflexes & inverts foot at angle
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| Extensor digitorum longus | Origin: Tibia (lateral condyle)
Insertion: Middle & distal phalanges
Action: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle; Extends toes
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| Fibularis (Peroneus) longus | Origin: Fibula (head)
Insertion: By tendon curving under the foot to 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform
Action: Plantar flexes & everts foot at ankle
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| Gastrocnemius (2 heads) | Origin: Femur (lateral & medial condyles)
Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Action: Plantar flexes at ankle; Flexes leg at knee
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| Soleus | Origin: Tibia (posterior surface); Fibula (posterior surface)
Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Action: Plantar fleses foot at ankle
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| Flexor digitorum longus (tendon posterior to medial malleolus) | Origin: Tibia (posterior surface)
Insertion: Distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Action: Plantar flexes & inverts foot at ankle; Flexes toes
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| Tibialis posterior | Origin: Tibia (posterior surface); Fibula (posterior surface)
Insertion: Under foot medially into tarsals & metatarsals
Action: Plantar flexes & inverts foot at ankle
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