SVHS BIO104 Genetics
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| Division of non-sex cells | Mitosis
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| non-sex cells (body cells) | somatic
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| Process in which gametes are produced | Meiosis
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| Advantage of Sexual reproduction | Genetic variation
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| Prokaryotic cell divison | asexual (binary fission)
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| Faint chromosomes | chromatin
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| Chromosomes contain | DNA, genes
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| Spindle fibers and asters made by | centriole
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| long threads that attach to the chromosomes to the centrioles | spindle fibers
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| Guide Centrioles | asters
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| Area on chromosomes where spindle fibers connect | Kinetochores
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| Chromosome which has replicated | Homologous chromosomes
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| Stages of Mitosis in order(5) | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| Resting and longest stage of cell cycle | interphase
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| Longest stage of mitosis | prophase
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| stage of mitosis when chromosomes line in the middle | metaphase
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| shortest phase of mitosis, chromosomes pulled apart | anaphase
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| Last stage of mitosis, cytoplasm pinches inwards | telophase
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| Diploid cells in humans have how many chromosomes? | 46
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| Haploid cells have ___ chromosomes | 23
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| 2 cells are made after the cell cycle | cytokinesis
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| Involves 2 nuclear divisions | meiosis
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| Homologous chromosomes pair up and then seperate (meiosis I or II) | Meiosis I
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| Chromatids of each chromosome seperate (Meiosis I or II) | Meiosis II
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| (Meiosis)precedes meiosis, chromosomes replicate | interphase
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| (Meiosis) chromosomes very visible, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles divide and migrate downwards while producing spindle fibers and asters, homologous chromosomes pair up, tetrads now exist(synapsis), crossing over and genetic variation occurs | Prophase I
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| Pairs of homologous chromosomes | tetrads
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| causes genetic variation | crossing over
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| (Meiosis) Tetrads line up at equator | Metaphase I
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| (Meiosis) Paired homologous chromosomes seperate and migrate to opposite poles | Anaphase I
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| (Meiosis)Homologous chromosomes have reached opposite ends. Cytoplasm splits and two new cells form through cytokinesis | telophase I
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| Is there an Interphase II in meiosis? | Sometimes
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| Are chromosomes replicated in Interphase II? | No
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| (Meiosis) No replication, no tetrads | Prophase II
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| (Meiosis) Paired chromosomes line up in the middle of the sister cells | Metaphase II
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| (Meiosis)Paired chromatids seperate and become chromosomes | Anaphase II
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| (Meiosis)Nuclear Membrane reappears, four nuclei | Telophase II
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| (Meiosis)Four unidentical haploid daughter cells | Cytokinesis II
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| father of genetics | gregor mendel
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| Parent generation | P1
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| First generation | F1
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| Second Generation | F2
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| A series of bases that code for a trait | gene
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| Letters of the genotype | alleles
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| Masks a recessive trait | Dominant trait
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| Masked by a dominant trait and shows only in a homozygous condition | recessive trait
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| Dominant trait also known as | wild type
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| differing alleles | heterozygous
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| same alleles | homozygous
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| heterozygous mix | hybrid
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| physical outward look (Tall, short, red, etc.) | phenotype
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| Genes (letters, alleles) | genotype
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| Grid used to predict possible genotypes of offspring | punnet square
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| Location of a certain gene | Loci
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| Ratio of genes | Genotypic ratio
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| ratio of phenotypes | phenotypic ratios
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| 1 trait is crossed | monohybrid cross
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| 2 traits are crossed | dihybrid crosses
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| 3 or more traits are crossed | polyhybrid cross
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| offspring are identical to parents | parental types
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| offspring are unlike either parent | recombinant types
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| When the dominant trait completely maskes the recessive trait | complete dominance
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| In a heterozygous cross, when the outcome is in between the dominant and recessive traits | incomplete dominance
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| when both traits show in a heterozygous cross | codominance
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| Male Sex chromosomes | XY
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| Female sex chromosomes | XX
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| chromosome which is NOT a sex chromosome | autosome
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| Trait linked to the sex chromosome | sex linked trait
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| Trait NOT linked to a sex chromosome | autosomal trait
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| cross with a known recessive to determine an unknown genotype | test cross
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| Family tree like charts to show passed traits | pedigree chart
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| During gamete formation alleles segregate from each other to from gametes with only on allele for each gene | Law of Segregation
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| The alleles separate into gametes independent of each other | Principle of Independent Assortment
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| Albinism, rolling tongue, widows peak | examples of complete dominance
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| red and white rose, black and blond hair, black and white hamsters | examples of incomplete dominance
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| blood typing, roan cattle | examples of codominance
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| most common blood type and universal donor | O
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| rarest blood type and universal receiver | AB
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| color blindness, muscular dystrophy, baldness, hemophilia | sex linked conditions
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| Which sex displays sex linked conditions more often? | Male (7%) Female (<1%)
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| condition in which blood does not clot due to platelet problems | hemophilia
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| when a single gene may determine several different phenotypes | pleiotropy (albinism and eyes)
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| When a gene has more than 2 alleles | Multiple Allels (Blood types)
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| albinism, cystic fibrosis, PKU, sickle cell anemia, tay-sachs disease | recessive allele disorders
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| disorder in which the lungs produce too much mucous | cystic fibrosis
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| condition in which one lacks the enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine | PKU (phenylketonuria)
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| Conditon in which some red blood cells are sickle shaped, clots are common; carriers are immune to malaria | sickle cell anemia
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| Condition in Jewish families which cause brain cells to be replaced by fat cells | Tay-Sachs Disease
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| Huntington's Disease, hypercholestrolemia, achondroplasia | examples of dominant allele disorders
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| condition which causes nervous system deterioration | Huntington's Disease
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| Condition in which too much natural cholesterol is produced | hypercholestrolemia
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| one type of dwarfism | achondroplasia
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| failure of paired chromosomes to separate during meiosis | nondisjunction
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| when part of one chromosome breaks off and may bind to another chromosome | translocation
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| discovered DNA's helix shape in 1953 | Watson and crick
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| took the first picture of DNA | Rosalind Franklin
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| DNA (full name) | Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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| DNA rails | sugar/phosphate
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| Sugar of DNA | deoxyribose
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| Rungs of DNA | nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)
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| A,T,G,C | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
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| Connected through covalent bonds | sugar and phosphate
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| connected with hydrogen bonds | DNA bases
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| Purines | A, G
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| Pyrimidines | T, C
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| Ends of strands are identified as 5th or 3rd carbon in the sugar ring | antiparallel
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| coils up DNA so it will fit in the chromsomes | histones
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| end of chromosomes | telomeres
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| when DNA makes an exact copy of itself | Replicate
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| Replication occurs in the __ phase of interphase | S
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| Proofreads DNA | Polymerase
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| How genetic information flows | Central Dogma (DNA=>RNA=>Proteins)
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| DNA bases pair up as | A-T, G-C
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| RNA's Bases | A, U, G, C
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| RNA bases pair up as | A-U, G-C
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| 3 base sequence | codon
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| Transcription occurs throughout | Interphase
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| carries genetic information from DNA to cytoplasm, carries the info in the complementary form | mRNA (messenger RNA)
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| RNA which is in the cytoplasm, shaped like a 'T', picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and aligns in orders | tRNA (Transfer RNA)
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| End of tRNA attaches to mRNA is called a | anticodon
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| most abundant form of RNA, makes up 80% of ribosomal structure, will link all coded amino acids together to make a specific protein | rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
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| involves transcribing the DNA language to mRNA language | Transcription
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| mistake in the base sequence of an organism's DNA | mutation
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| mutation in a gamete | germ line mutation
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| Start codon | AUG
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| number of stop codons | 3
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| Fertilization, crossing over, mutations, plasmids restrictive enzymes, virus injecting DNA into host cells | Recombinant DNA in nature
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| Has one big circular chromosome and used for research | E. Coli
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| small, circular DNA strands in bacteria that pick up new genes and act as vectors | plasmids
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| vectors | carriers
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| to soak up DNA from the environment | transformation
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| naturally 'cleaves' DNA molecule | Restrictive enzymes
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| nonliving, but once in cell is active | virus
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| makes lots of copies of DNA | polymerase chain reaction
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| DNA fingerprinting uses the process of | electrophoreses
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| grows vats of biological samples for research | biofactories
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| organisms used to inject to change traits | transgenic organisms
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| pharmaceutical animals | "pharm" animals
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| master genius determines species | homeoboxes
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| gene that causes cancer | onocogenes
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| science of understanding all of the proteins expressed in a cell | proteomics
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| first protein made by recombinant DNA technology | insulin
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| fertiliztion outside of the body | invitro fertilization
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| longest phase of the cell cycle | interphase
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| base, sugar, phosphate | nucleotide
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| sequence of three bases on tRNA | anticodon
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| body cells | somatic
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