SVHS BIO104 Genetics Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Division of non-sex cells	Mitosis
non-sex cells (body cells)	somatic
Process in which gametes are produced	Meiosis
Advantage of Sexual reproduction	Genetic variation
Prokaryotic cell divison	asexual (binary fission)
Faint chromosomes	chromatin
Chromosomes contain	DNA, genes
Spindle fibers and asters made by	centriole
long threads that attach to the chromosomes to the centrioles	spindle fibers
Guide Centrioles	asters
Area on chromosomes where spindle fibers connect	Kinetochores
Chromosome which has replicated	Homologous chromosomes
Stages of Mitosis in order(5)	Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Resting and longest stage of cell cycle	interphase
Longest stage of mitosis	prophase
stage of mitosis when chromosomes line in the middle	metaphase
shortest phase of mitosis, chromosomes pulled apart	anaphase
Last stage of mitosis, cytoplasm pinches inwards	telophase
Diploid cells in humans have how many chromosomes?	46
Haploid cells have ___ chromosomes	23
2 cells are made after the cell cycle	cytokinesis
Involves 2 nuclear divisions	meiosis
Homologous chromosomes pair up and then seperate (meiosis I or II)	Meiosis I
Chromatids of each chromosome seperate (Meiosis I or II)	Meiosis II
(Meiosis)precedes meiosis, chromosomes replicate	interphase
(Meiosis) chromosomes very visible, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles divide and migrate downwards while producing spindle fibers and asters, homologous chromosomes pair up, tetrads now exist(synapsis), crossing over and genetic variation occurs	Prophase I
Pairs of homologous chromosomes	tetrads
causes genetic variation	crossing over
(Meiosis) Tetrads line up at equator	Metaphase I
(Meiosis) Paired homologous chromosomes seperate and migrate to opposite poles	Anaphase I
(Meiosis)Homologous chromosomes have reached opposite ends. Cytoplasm splits and two new cells form through cytokinesis	telophase I
Is there an Interphase II in meiosis?	Sometimes
Are chromosomes replicated in Interphase II?	No
(Meiosis) No replication, no tetrads	Prophase II
(Meiosis) Paired chromosomes line up in the middle of the sister cells	Metaphase II
(Meiosis)Paired chromatids seperate and become chromosomes	Anaphase II
(Meiosis)Nuclear Membrane reappears, four nuclei	Telophase II
(Meiosis)Four unidentical haploid daughter cells	Cytokinesis II
father of genetics	gregor mendel
Parent generation	P1
First generation	F1
Second Generation	F2
A series of bases that code for a trait	gene
Letters of the genotype	alleles
Masks a recessive trait	Dominant trait
Masked by a dominant trait and shows only in a homozygous condition	recessive trait
Dominant trait also known as	wild type
differing alleles	heterozygous
same alleles	homozygous
heterozygous mix	hybrid
physical outward look (Tall, short, red, etc.)	phenotype
Genes (letters, alleles)	genotype
Grid used to predict possible genotypes of offspring	punnet square
Location of a certain gene	Loci
Ratio of genes	Genotypic ratio
ratio of phenotypes	phenotypic ratios
1 trait is crossed	monohybrid cross
2 traits are crossed	dihybrid crosses
3 or more traits are crossed	polyhybrid cross
offspring are identical to parents	parental types
offspring are unlike either parent	recombinant types
When the dominant trait completely maskes the recessive trait	complete dominance
In a heterozygous cross, when the outcome is in between the dominant and recessive traits	incomplete dominance
when both traits show in a heterozygous cross	codominance
Male Sex chromosomes	XY
Female sex chromosomes	XX
chromosome which is NOT a sex chromosome	autosome
Trait linked to the sex chromosome	sex linked trait
Trait NOT linked to a sex chromosome	autosomal trait
cross with a known recessive to determine an unknown genotype	test cross
Family tree like charts to show passed traits	pedigree chart
During gamete formation alleles segregate from each other to from gametes with only on allele for each gene	Law of Segregation
The alleles separate into gametes independent of each other	Principle of Independent Assortment
Albinism, rolling tongue, widows peak	examples of complete dominance
red and white rose, black and blond hair, black and white hamsters	examples of incomplete dominance
blood typing, roan cattle	examples of codominance
most common blood type and universal donor	O
rarest blood type and universal receiver	AB
color blindness, muscular dystrophy, baldness, hemophilia	sex linked conditions
Which sex displays sex linked conditions more often?	Male (7%) Female (<1%)
condition in which blood does not clot due to platelet problems	hemophilia
when a single gene may determine several different phenotypes	pleiotropy (albinism and eyes)
When a gene has more than 2 alleles	Multiple Allels (Blood types)
albinism, cystic fibrosis, PKU, sickle cell anemia, tay-sachs disease	recessive allele disorders
disorder in which the lungs produce too much mucous	cystic fibrosis
condition in which one lacks the enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine	PKU (phenylketonuria)
Conditon in which some red blood cells are sickle shaped, clots are common; carriers are immune to malaria	sickle cell anemia
Condition in Jewish families which cause brain cells to be replaced by fat cells	Tay-Sachs Disease
Huntington's Disease, hypercholestrolemia, achondroplasia	examples of dominant allele disorders
condition which causes nervous system deterioration	Huntington's Disease
Condition in which too much natural cholesterol is produced	hypercholestrolemia
one type of dwarfism	achondroplasia
failure of paired chromosomes to separate during meiosis	nondisjunction
when part of one chromosome breaks off and may bind to another chromosome	translocation
discovered DNA's helix shape in 1953	Watson and crick
took the first picture of DNA	Rosalind Franklin
DNA (full name)	Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA rails	sugar/phosphate
Sugar of DNA	deoxyribose
Rungs of DNA	nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)
A,T,G,C	Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
Connected through covalent bonds	sugar and phosphate
connected with hydrogen bonds	DNA bases
Purines	A, G
Pyrimidines	T, C
Ends of strands are identified as 5th or 3rd carbon in the sugar ring	antiparallel
coils up DNA so it will fit in the chromsomes	histones
end of chromosomes	telomeres
when DNA makes an exact copy of itself	Replicate
Replication occurs in the __ phase of interphase	S
Proofreads DNA	Polymerase
How genetic information flows	Central Dogma (DNA=>RNA=>Proteins)
DNA bases pair up as	A-T, G-C
RNA's Bases	A, U, G, C
RNA bases pair up as	A-U, G-C
3 base sequence	codon
Transcription occurs throughout	Interphase
carries genetic information from DNA to cytoplasm, carries the info in the complementary form	mRNA (messenger RNA)
RNA which is in the cytoplasm, shaped like a 'T', picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and aligns in orders	tRNA (Transfer RNA)
End of tRNA attaches to mRNA is called a	anticodon
most abundant form of RNA, makes up 80% of ribosomal structure, will link all coded amino acids together to make a specific protein	rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
involves transcribing the DNA language to mRNA language	Transcription
mistake in the base sequence of an organism's DNA	mutation
mutation in a gamete	germ line mutation
Start codon	AUG
number of stop codons	3
Fertilization, crossing over, mutations, plasmids restrictive enzymes, virus injecting DNA into host cells	Recombinant DNA in nature
Has one big circular chromosome and used for research	E. Coli
small, circular DNA strands in bacteria that pick up new genes and act as vectors	plasmids
vectors	carriers
to soak up DNA from the environment	transformation
naturally 'cleaves' DNA molecule	Restrictive enzymes
nonliving, but once in cell is active	virus
makes lots of copies of DNA	polymerase chain reaction
DNA fingerprinting uses the process of	electrophoreses
grows vats of biological samples for research	biofactories
organisms used to inject to change traits	transgenic organisms
pharmaceutical animals	"pharm" animals
master genius determines species	homeoboxes
gene that causes cancer	onocogenes
science of understanding all of the proteins expressed in a cell	proteomics
first protein made by recombinant DNA technology	insulin
fertiliztion outside of the body	invitro fertilization
longest phase of the cell cycle	interphase
base, sugar, phosphate	nucleotide
sequence of three bases on tRNA	anticodon
body cells	somatic

Created by: JeremyKilgore

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