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SVHS BIO104 Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Division of non-sex cells | Mitosis |
| non-sex cells (body cells) | somatic |
| Process in which gametes are produced | Meiosis |
| Advantage of Sexual reproduction | Genetic variation |
| Prokaryotic cell divison | asexual (binary fission) |
| Faint chromosomes | chromatin |
| Chromosomes contain | DNA, genes |
| Spindle fibers and asters made by | centriole |
| long threads that attach to the chromosomes to the centrioles | spindle fibers |
| Guide Centrioles | asters |
| Area on chromosomes where spindle fibers connect | Kinetochores |
| Chromosome which has replicated | Homologous chromosomes |
| Stages of Mitosis in order(5) | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Resting and longest stage of cell cycle | interphase |
| Longest stage of mitosis | prophase |
| stage of mitosis when chromosomes line in the middle | metaphase |
| shortest phase of mitosis, chromosomes pulled apart | anaphase |
| Last stage of mitosis, cytoplasm pinches inwards | telophase |
| Diploid cells in humans have how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| Haploid cells have ___ chromosomes | 23 |
| 2 cells are made after the cell cycle | cytokinesis |
| Involves 2 nuclear divisions | meiosis |
| Homologous chromosomes pair up and then seperate (meiosis I or II) | Meiosis I |
| Chromatids of each chromosome seperate (Meiosis I or II) | Meiosis II |
| (Meiosis)precedes meiosis, chromosomes replicate | interphase |
| (Meiosis) chromosomes very visible, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles divide and migrate downwards while producing spindle fibers and asters, homologous chromosomes pair up, tetrads now exist(synapsis), crossing over and genetic variation occurs | Prophase I |
| Pairs of homologous chromosomes | tetrads |
| causes genetic variation | crossing over |
| (Meiosis) Tetrads line up at equator | Metaphase I |
| (Meiosis) Paired homologous chromosomes seperate and migrate to opposite poles | Anaphase I |
| (Meiosis)Homologous chromosomes have reached opposite ends. Cytoplasm splits and two new cells form through cytokinesis | telophase I |
| Is there an Interphase II in meiosis? | Sometimes |
| Are chromosomes replicated in Interphase II? | No |
| (Meiosis) No replication, no tetrads | Prophase II |
| (Meiosis) Paired chromosomes line up in the middle of the sister cells | Metaphase II |
| (Meiosis)Paired chromatids seperate and become chromosomes | Anaphase II |
| (Meiosis)Nuclear Membrane reappears, four nuclei | Telophase II |
| (Meiosis)Four unidentical haploid daughter cells | Cytokinesis II |
| father of genetics | gregor mendel |
| Parent generation | P1 |
| First generation | F1 |
| Second Generation | F2 |
| A series of bases that code for a trait | gene |
| Letters of the genotype | alleles |
| Masks a recessive trait | Dominant trait |
| Masked by a dominant trait and shows only in a homozygous condition | recessive trait |
| Dominant trait also known as | wild type |
| differing alleles | heterozygous |
| same alleles | homozygous |
| heterozygous mix | hybrid |
| physical outward look (Tall, short, red, etc.) | phenotype |
| Genes (letters, alleles) | genotype |
| Grid used to predict possible genotypes of offspring | punnet square |
| Location of a certain gene | Loci |
| Ratio of genes | Genotypic ratio |
| ratio of phenotypes | phenotypic ratios |
| 1 trait is crossed | monohybrid cross |
| 2 traits are crossed | dihybrid crosses |
| 3 or more traits are crossed | polyhybrid cross |
| offspring are identical to parents | parental types |
| offspring are unlike either parent | recombinant types |
| When the dominant trait completely maskes the recessive trait | complete dominance |
| In a heterozygous cross, when the outcome is in between the dominant and recessive traits | incomplete dominance |
| when both traits show in a heterozygous cross | codominance |
| Male Sex chromosomes | XY |
| Female sex chromosomes | XX |
| chromosome which is NOT a sex chromosome | autosome |
| Trait linked to the sex chromosome | sex linked trait |
| Trait NOT linked to a sex chromosome | autosomal trait |
| cross with a known recessive to determine an unknown genotype | test cross |
| Family tree like charts to show passed traits | pedigree chart |
| During gamete formation alleles segregate from each other to from gametes with only on allele for each gene | Law of Segregation |
| The alleles separate into gametes independent of each other | Principle of Independent Assortment |
| Albinism, rolling tongue, widows peak | examples of complete dominance |
| red and white rose, black and blond hair, black and white hamsters | examples of incomplete dominance |
| blood typing, roan cattle | examples of codominance |
| most common blood type and universal donor | O |
| rarest blood type and universal receiver | AB |
| color blindness, muscular dystrophy, baldness, hemophilia | sex linked conditions |
| Which sex displays sex linked conditions more often? | Male (7%) Female (<1%) |
| condition in which blood does not clot due to platelet problems | hemophilia |
| when a single gene may determine several different phenotypes | pleiotropy (albinism and eyes) |
| When a gene has more than 2 alleles | Multiple Allels (Blood types) |
| albinism, cystic fibrosis, PKU, sickle cell anemia, tay-sachs disease | recessive allele disorders |
| disorder in which the lungs produce too much mucous | cystic fibrosis |
| condition in which one lacks the enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine | PKU (phenylketonuria) |
| Conditon in which some red blood cells are sickle shaped, clots are common; carriers are immune to malaria | sickle cell anemia |
| Condition in Jewish families which cause brain cells to be replaced by fat cells | Tay-Sachs Disease |
| Huntington's Disease, hypercholestrolemia, achondroplasia | examples of dominant allele disorders |
| condition which causes nervous system deterioration | Huntington's Disease |
| Condition in which too much natural cholesterol is produced | hypercholestrolemia |
| one type of dwarfism | achondroplasia |
| failure of paired chromosomes to separate during meiosis | nondisjunction |
| when part of one chromosome breaks off and may bind to another chromosome | translocation |
| discovered DNA's helix shape in 1953 | Watson and crick |
| took the first picture of DNA | Rosalind Franklin |
| DNA (full name) | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| DNA rails | sugar/phosphate |
| Sugar of DNA | deoxyribose |
| Rungs of DNA | nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C) |
| A,T,G,C | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| Connected through covalent bonds | sugar and phosphate |
| connected with hydrogen bonds | DNA bases |
| Purines | A, G |
| Pyrimidines | T, C |
| Ends of strands are identified as 5th or 3rd carbon in the sugar ring | antiparallel |
| coils up DNA so it will fit in the chromsomes | histones |
| end of chromosomes | telomeres |
| when DNA makes an exact copy of itself | Replicate |
| Replication occurs in the __ phase of interphase | S |
| Proofreads DNA | Polymerase |
| How genetic information flows | Central Dogma (DNA=>RNA=>Proteins) |
| DNA bases pair up as | A-T, G-C |
| RNA's Bases | A, U, G, C |
| RNA bases pair up as | A-U, G-C |
| 3 base sequence | codon |
| Transcription occurs throughout | Interphase |
| carries genetic information from DNA to cytoplasm, carries the info in the complementary form | mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| RNA which is in the cytoplasm, shaped like a 'T', picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and aligns in orders | tRNA (Transfer RNA) |
| End of tRNA attaches to mRNA is called a | anticodon |
| most abundant form of RNA, makes up 80% of ribosomal structure, will link all coded amino acids together to make a specific protein | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) |
| involves transcribing the DNA language to mRNA language | Transcription |
| mistake in the base sequence of an organism's DNA | mutation |
| mutation in a gamete | germ line mutation |
| Start codon | AUG |
| number of stop codons | 3 |
| Fertilization, crossing over, mutations, plasmids restrictive enzymes, virus injecting DNA into host cells | Recombinant DNA in nature |
| Has one big circular chromosome and used for research | E. Coli |
| small, circular DNA strands in bacteria that pick up new genes and act as vectors | plasmids |
| vectors | carriers |
| to soak up DNA from the environment | transformation |
| naturally 'cleaves' DNA molecule | Restrictive enzymes |
| nonliving, but once in cell is active | virus |
| makes lots of copies of DNA | polymerase chain reaction |
| DNA fingerprinting uses the process of | electrophoreses |
| grows vats of biological samples for research | biofactories |
| organisms used to inject to change traits | transgenic organisms |
| pharmaceutical animals | "pharm" animals |
| master genius determines species | homeoboxes |
| gene that causes cancer | onocogenes |
| science of understanding all of the proteins expressed in a cell | proteomics |
| first protein made by recombinant DNA technology | insulin |
| fertiliztion outside of the body | invitro fertilization |
| longest phase of the cell cycle | interphase |
| base, sugar, phosphate | nucleotide |
| sequence of three bases on tRNA | anticodon |
| body cells | somatic |
Created by:
JeremyKilgore
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