Biomechanics 2010
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| show | Functional anatomy
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| Giovanni Borelli | show 🗑
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| Edward J. Muybridge | show 🗑
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| Etienne-Jules Marey | show 🗑
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| Anatomical Reference | show 🗑
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| show | Position, velocity, acceleration
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| show | Rectilinear (straight path); curvilinear (curved path)
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| Angular motion (rotation) | show 🗑
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| show | Laws of motion
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| Newton's First Law of Motion | show 🗑
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| show | Law of Acceleration: Sigma F=ma
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| Newton's Third Law of Motion | show 🗑
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| show | Gravity, Ground reaction force (normal force), Friction, Fluid forces (i.e. air resistance)
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| show | Muscle force: force generated by muscle contractions
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| show | Muscle activation (neural input); physiological cross-sectional area; muscle length; velocity of contraction
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| show | Palms facing forward; head forward; feet slightly separated; arms hanging relaxed at sides
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| Superior | show 🗑
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| show | Towards the feet (trunk)
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| show | Towards front of body
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| Posterior | show 🗑
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| Medial | show 🗑
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| Lateral | show 🗑
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| show | Closer to trunk (limbs)
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| Distal | show 🗑
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| show | Sagittal, transverse, frontal
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| Sagittal plane | show 🗑
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| show | Superior and inferior (line parallel to unibrow)
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| show | Anterior and posterior (line cuts shoulder in half)
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| show | Movement within a plane: movement is parallel to plane
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| Anatomical reference axes | show 🗑
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| Longitudinal axis | show 🗑
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| Anteroposterior axis | show 🗑
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| show | Sagittal plane
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| show | Flexion/extension; plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
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| Flexion | show 🗑
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| Extension | show 🗑
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| show | Extension beyond anatomical position
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| show | Point toes down into ground (ankle joint movement)
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| Dorsiflexion | show 🗑
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| Frontal plane joint movements | show 🗑
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| Abduction | show 🗑
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| show | Movement toward midline
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| Radial deviation | show 🗑
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| Ulnar deviation | show 🗑
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| show | Internal movement of foot at the subtalar joint; classic ankle sprain
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| show | External movement of the foot at the ankle
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| Left/right lateral flexion | show 🗑
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| show | Shrugging shoulders
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| Transverse plane joint movements | show 🗑
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| Medial (internal) rotation | show 🗑
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| Lateral (external) rotation | show 🗑
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| show | Movement towards midline (hug)
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| Horizontal abduction | show 🗑
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| Supination | show 🗑
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| show | Rotate thumb medially (dump soup)
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| Left/right rotation | show 🗑
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| show | Organ protection; weight bearing; lever system; mineral reservoir (Ca, P); Hematopoiesis (red blood cell formation)
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| show | Shaft plus two expanded ends; all bones of limbs (except carpals, tarsals, and patella); used for leverage; outer layer-compact bone; inner layer-spongy bone
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| show |
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| show | Roughly cuboid in shape; carpals (8) and tarsals (7); shock absorption and force dissipation; strength not mobility
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| Flat bones | show 🗑
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| show | Short bone embedded within tendon or joint capsule; patella; alters muscle insertion angle; biomechanical advantage
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| Irregular bones | show 🗑
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| show | Tissue consisting of cells and a significant amount of extracellular matrix
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| Bone cells | show 🗑
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| show | Bone-building cell
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| show | Mature bone cell
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| Osteoclast | show 🗑
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| show | Shaft; expanded ends; epiphyseal disks
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| Diaphysis | show 🗑
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| show | Expanded ends of a long bone
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| Growth plates | show 🗑
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| show | Double-layered membrane covering the external surface of the entire bone, except for the joint surfaces of the epiphyses
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| Outer layer of a long bone | show 🗑
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| Inner layer of a long bone | show 🗑
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| show | Covers internal bone surfaces of the long bone; contains both osteoblasts and osteocytes
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| Longitudinal bone growth | show 🗑
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| Circumferential bone growth | show 🗑
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| show | Compression (push both ends in); tension (pull both ends out); shear (cut in half); torsion (twist around a transverse axis); bending
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| Wolff's Law | show 🗑
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| Osteoporosis | show 🗑
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| show | Exist wherever 2 or more bones meet; approx. 100; ALL human movement occurs about one or more joints
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| show | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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| show | Thick connective tissue; no movement; sutures-bone interlock (cranial bones); syndesmoses-bones held together by ligaments (distal tibiofibular: by ankle joint)
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| Cartilaginous joints | show 🗑
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| show | Free movement; ball and socket, condyloid, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle
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| Ball and socket joint | show 🗑
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| Condyloid joint | show 🗑
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| show | Uniaxial; flexion/extension; elbow, ankle
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| show | Uniaxial; supination/pronation; longitudinal axis; radioulnar joint
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| Gliding joint | show 🗑
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| Saddle joint | show 🗑
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| Structure of a synovial joint | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth elastic tissue on ends of bone; mostly water; reduce wear, distribute load, absorb shock, low friction surface
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| show | Fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
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| Fibrous capsule | show 🗑
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| Synovial membrane | show 🗑
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| Ligaments | show 🗑
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| Major bones of the upper extremity | show 🗑
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| Major joints of the upper extremity | show 🗑
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| show | Acromion process; scapula, scapular spine; humerus
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| Shoulder joints | show 🗑
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| show | Prevents your arm from launching off (in throwing, etc.); supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
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| show | Anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii
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| Shoulder extension | show 🗑
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| show | Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
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| Shoulder abduction | show 🗑
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| Shoulder scapular stabilization | show 🗑
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| show | Humerus, radius, ulna
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| show | Humeroulnar joint (true elbow joint), proximal radioulnar joint
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| Elbow flexion | show 🗑
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| show | Triceps brachii
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| show | Radioulnar joint; supinator/pronator quadratus
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| Wrist joints and bones | show 🗑
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| show | Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis
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| show | Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus
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| show | Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
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| Radial deviation | show 🗑
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| show | Metacarpals, phalanges; metacarpophalangeal joints (5 knuckles)
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| show | Flexor digitorum superficialis
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| Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal extension | show 🗑
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| show | Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx (4)
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| Movement segment (vertebrae) | show 🗑
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| show | 2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process; Muscle attachment sites
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| show | Too much lumbar curve
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| show | Too much thoracic curve
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| Trunk flexion | show 🗑
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| Trunk extension | show 🗑
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| show | Internal and external oblique
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| Major bones of the lower extremity | show 🗑
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| Major joints of the lower extremity | show 🗑
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| show | Ilium, pubis, ischium
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| show | Acetabulum + femoral head; highly mobile
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| show | Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
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| show | Limits hyperextension, hyperadduction
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| Pubofemoral ligament | show 🗑
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| Ischiofemoral ligament | show 🗑
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| show | Iliopsoas (groin), rectus femoris (part of quads), sartorius ("Tailor's muscle")
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| show | Gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris)
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| Hip abduction | show 🗑
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| Hip adduction | show 🗑
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| Hip pointer (ultimate) | show 🗑
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| show | Femur, femoral condyles, menisci, patella, tibial plateaus, tibia
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| show | Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL); lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL)
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| show | Limit anterior/posterior sliding (of the tibia with respect to the femur); ACL, PCL
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| Collateral ligaments | show 🗑
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| Knee extensors | show 🗑
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| show | Hamstrings (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris), gastrocnemius, sartorius
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| Ankle joint parts | show 🗑
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| Dorsiflexion (ankle) | show 🗑
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| Plantar flexion (ankle) | show 🗑
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| show | Talus, calcaneous, metatarsals, phalanges
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| show | Lateral collateral ligament (limits inversion), deltoid ligaments (limits eversion)
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| Inversion (subtalar) | show 🗑
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| Eversion (subtalar) | show 🗑
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| Metatarsophalangeal flexion | show 🗑
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| Metatarsophalangeal extension | show 🗑
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