Important notes/words from Examkracker's Biology Lecture 4
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| What do secretory vesicles contain? | They contain enzymes, growth factors or extracellular matrix components
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| What are adipocytes? | They are cells that contain predominately fat droplets
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| What are adipocytes important for? | These cells are important for energy storage and body temperature regulation
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| What are the roles of smooth ER? | 1. Take part in glycolysis
2. Produce trigylcerides
3. Cholesterol formation
4. Oxidizes bad stuff
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| What are peroxisomes? | Self-replicating vesicles in the cytosol that grow by incorporating lipids/proteins from cytosol
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| What is the role of peroxisomes? | 1. Breakdown hydrogen peroxides
2. Inactivate toxic substances
3. Regulate oxygen concentration
4. Help in lipid synthesis/breakdown
5. Metabolize nitrogenous bases and carbs
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| What is the axoneme? | The major portion of flagella and cilia containing 9 pairs of microtubules circling 2 lone microtubules
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| What is dynein? | A protein that forms cross bridges of microtubules
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| What are the roles of microfilaments? | 1. Contracting force in muscles
2. Cytoplasmic streaming
3. Phagocytosis
4. Microvillli movement
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| What are tight junctions? | Junctions that forms a watertight seal blocking water, ions and other molecules
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| What are desmosomes? | Junctions that join two cells at a single point and attach directly to cytoskeleton and found in cells that experience a lot of stress
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| What are the roles of an extracellular matrix? | 1. Provide structural support
2. Determine cell shape and motility
3. Affect cell growth
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| What are the three classes of cells that make up animal cell matrices? | 1. glycoaminoglycans and proteoglycans
2. structural proteins
3. adhesive proteins
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| What governes hormones? | The endocrine system gorverns these
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| What governes neurotransmitters? | The nervous system governs these
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| What is characteristic of neuronal communication? | It is rapid, direct amd specific
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| What is characteristic of hormonal communication? | It is slower, spread throughout the body and affect many cells/tissues in different ways
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| What compromises the nervous system? | This is composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and neural support cells and certain sense organs
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| How can action potentials differ? | They can differ in shape, durection and types of ions
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| How is a neurotransmitter removed? | 1. Enzyme
2. Absorbed by presynaptic vell
3. Diffuse out of synaptic cleft
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| What are microglia? | Glial cells that phagocytize microbes/debris in CNS
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| What are ependymal cells? | Glial cells that are epithelial cells that line the space containing cerebrospinal fluid
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| What are satellite cells? | Glial cells that support ganglia
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| What are astrocytes? | Star-shaped shaped glial neuroglia om CNS that support neurons and help maintain mineral and nutrient balance
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| What is saltatory conduction? | This is the jumping of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next
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| What are sensory (afferent) neurons? | Neurons that receive signals from a receptor cell that interacts w/environment (located dorsally)
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| What are interneurons? | Neurons that transfer signals from neuron to neuron
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| What are motor (efferent) neurons? | Neurons that carry signals to muscles/glands (located ventrally)
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| What does the CNS consist of? | This consist of interneurons and support tissue in brain and spinal cord
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| What is the function of the CNS? | This system integrates signals from sensory and motor neurons
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| What is the somatic nervous system? | The part of the PNS that responds to external environment
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| Where to the motor portions of the ANS conduct their signals? | Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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| What does the sympathetic ANS deal with? | "fight or flight" response
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| What does the parasympathetic ANS deal with? | "rest and digest" response
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| What does the lower brain consist of? | Medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum
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| What is the role of the lower brain? | To integrate subconscious activities
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| What does the higher brain consist of? | The cerebrum/cerebral cortez
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| What is the role of the higher brain? | To store memories and process thoughts
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