anatomy of the brain and spinal cord
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| rostral | - in the superior direction (applies to CNS only)
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| caudal | - in the inferior direction (applies to CNS only)
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| functions of the spinal cord | - sensory and motor innervation of the entire body inferior to the head
- two-way conduction pathway for signals between the body and the brain
- major center for reflexes
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| conus medullaris | - the inferior end of the spinal cord
- it tapers off into a long filament of CT, the filum terminale
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| divisions of the spinal nerves | - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
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| cauda equina | - collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
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| Ascending fibers | - carry sensory information from the sensory neurons of the body up to the brain
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| Descending fibers | - carry motor instructions from the brain to the spinal cord
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| Commissural fibers | - a bundle of axons that crosses from one side of the CNS to the other
- carry information from one part of the spinal cord to the other
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| spinal funiculi | - dorsal funiculus
- ventral funiculus
- lateral funiculus
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| Composition of gray matter in the spinal cord | - gray commissure
- dorsal horns: interneurons
- ventral horns
- lateral horns
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| Zones of spinal cord gray matter | - somatic sensory (SS)
- visceral sensory (VS)
- visceral motor (VM)
- somatic motor (SM)
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| Meninges | - 3 CT membranes just external to the brain and spinal cord
- cover and protect CNS
- enclose and protect blood vessels that supply CNS
- contain CSF
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| Dura mater | - outermost layer, strongest of meninges
- dense fibrous CT
- forms protective covering around structures of the CNS
- external to spinal dura is the epidural space
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| Arachnoid mater | - middle layer of the meninges
- subdural space between this and outermost layer of meninges
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| Subarachnoid space | - just deep to arachnoid mater
- weblike threads that hold arachnoid mater to underlying pia mater
- filled with CSF and poorly protected blood vessels
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| Pia mater | - innermost layer of meninges
- highly vascularized with fine blood vessels
- clings tightly to surface of spinal cord
- extends into coccyx covering filum terminale
- lateral extensions = denticulate ligaments
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| Cerebrospinal fluid | - provides liquid cushion to give buoyancy to CNS
- nourishes brain and spinal cord
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