Week 2
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Autonomic nervous system ANS ANS = 2 neurons from CNS to effectors presynaptic neuron cell body in CNS postsynaptic neuron cell body in peripheral ganglion | Motor nervous system controls glands, cardiac and smooth muscle
also called visceral motor system
Regulates unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis
BP, body temperature, respiratory airflow
ANS actions are automatic
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Visceral Reflex | Unconscious, automatic responses to stimulation of glands, cardiac or smooth muscle
Receptors: detect internal stimuli -- stretch, blood chemicals, etc.
Afferent neurons:connect to interneurons inthe CNS
Efferent neurons:carry motor signals to effector
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Visceral Reflex HBP | High blood pressure detected by arterial stretch receptors (1), afferent neuron (2) carries signal to CNS, efferent (3) signals travel to the heart (4), heart slows reducing BP
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Sympathetic | prepares body for physical activity
increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc
Shoot (Sympathetic) (Ejaculation)
lateral horns of spinal cord (T1-L2)
3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral and 1 coccygeal ganglia
white and gray
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Sympathetic | Neuronal divergence predominates
each preganglionic cell branches and synapses on multiple postganglionic cells
produces widespread effects on multiple organs
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Parasympathetic | Parasympathetic division
calms many body functions and assists in bodily maintenance
digestion and waste elimination
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Parasympathetic Terminal ganglia in/near target organs long preganglionic, short postganglionic fibers | Origin of preganglionic fibers
pons and medulla (for cranial nerve nuclei)
sacral spinal cord segments S2-S4
Pathways of preganglionic fibers
cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
arising from sacral spinal cord
pelvic splanchnic nerves and inferior hyp
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Parasym Cranial Nerves | Oculomotor nerve (III)
narrows pupil and focuses lens
Facial nerve (VII)
tear, nasal and salivary glands
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
parotid salivary gland
Vagus nerve (X)
viscera as far as proximal half of colon
Cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plex
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Neurotransmitters and Receptors Effects on ANS | determined by types of neurotransmitters released and types of receptors on target cells
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Neurotransmitters and Receptors Effects on Symp | Sympathetic has longer lasting effects
neurotransmitters persist in synapse and some reach the bloodstream
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Substances Released as Neurotransmitters | enkephalin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, nitric oxide (NO)
NO inhibits muscle tone in BV walls (vasodilation)
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Adrenal Glands | Paired glands sit on superior pole of each kidney
Cortex:secretes steroid hormones
Medulla:a modified sympathetic ganglion
stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons Secretes neurotransmitters into blood
catecholamines (85% EP and 15% NE)
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Cholinergic Receptors for Ach | nicotinic receptors
on all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions (skeletal muscle)
excitatory when ACh binding occurs
muscarinic receptors
on all gland, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells that receives
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Adrenergic Receptors for NE | Norepinephrine binds to 2 classes of receptors
alpha adrenergic receptors (often excitatory)
beta adrenergic receptors (often inhibitory)
Exceptions
existence of subclasses of each receptor type
alpha 1 and 2; beta 1 and 2
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Dual Innervation | Most of viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
Both divisions do not normally innervate an organ equally
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Dual Innervation Antagonist effects | oppose each other
exerted through dual innervation of same effector
heart rate decreases (parasympathetic)
heart rate increases (sympathetic)
exerted because each division innervates different cells
pupillary dilator muscle (sympathetic) dilates pupi
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Dual Innervation Cooperative effects | seen when 2 divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified effect
parasympathetics increase salivary serous cell secretion
sympathetics increase salivary mucous cell secretion
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W/O Dual Innervation | Only sympathetic: adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands and many blood vessels
sympathetic stimulation increases blood to skeletal and cardiac muscles -- reduced blood to skin: Sweaty palms bp goes up sympathetics, Go to extremities
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Sympathetic and Vasomotor Tone | Sympathetic division prioritizes blood vessels to skeletal muscles and heart in times of emergency.
Blood vessels to skin vasoconstrict to minimize bleeding if injury occurs during stress or exercise.
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Control of ANS Cerebral | cerebral cortex has an influence
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Control of ANS Hypothalamus | (major visceral motor control center)
nuclei for primitive functions – hunger, thirst
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Contrl of ANS Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla O | nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes
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Control of ANS Spinal Cord Reflexes | defecation and micturition reflexes integrated in cord
brain can inhibit these responses consciously
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Sympathomimetics | stimulate receptors or inc norepinephrine release
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Sympatholytics | suppress sympathetic activity
block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine release
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Parasympathomimetics | enhance activity while parasympatholytics suppress activity
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Management of Clinical Depression | Prozac blocks reuptake of serotonin to prolong its mood-elevating effect
MAO inhibitors interfere with breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters
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Caffeine | competes with adenosine (inhibitory; causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors
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Cranial Nerves | competes with adenosine (inhibitory; causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors
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Cranial Nerves List | Olfactory nerve I
Oculomotor nerve III
Trochlear nerve IV
Trigeminal nerve V
Abducens nerve VI
Facial nerve VII
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Vagus nerve X
Accessory nerve XI
Hypoglossal nerve XII
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Olfactory Nerve I | Sense of smell
Damage causes impaired sense of smell
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Optic Nerve II | Provides vision
Damage causes blindness in visual field
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Oculomotor nerve III | Eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing
Damage causes drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing and inability to move eye in certain directions
4 recti muscles 2 oblique muscles Lavator palpi
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Trochlear IV | Eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
Damage causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally
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Trigeminal nerve V | Sensory to face (touch, pain and temperature) and muscles of mastication
Damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing
Tigonometry Mandibular Maxillary Opthalmic
Muscles of mastication Cranial Nerve V
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Abducens nerve VI | Provides eye movement (lateral rectus m.)
Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest eye rotates medially
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Facial nerve VII | Motor - facial expressions; salivary glands and tear, nasal and palatine glands
Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3’s of tongue
Damage produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (no sweet and salty)
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Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII | Provides hearing and sense of balance
Damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and nystagmus
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Glossopharyngeal nerve IX | Swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration
Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing
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Vagus nerve X | Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera
Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing and fatal if both are cut
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Accessory nerve XI | Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement
damage causes impaired head, neck, shoulder movement; head turns towards injured side
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Hypoglossal nerve XII | Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation and swallowing
if both are damaged – can’t protrude tongue
if one side is damaged – tongue deviates towards injured side; see ipsilateral atrophy
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Cranial nerve disorders | Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)
recurring episodes of intense stabbing pain in trigeminal nerve area (near mouth or nose)
Bell’s palsy
disorder of facial nerve causes paralysis of facial muscles on one side
may appear abruptly recovery 3-5wks
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Temporal bone | squamous part
zygomatic process
mandibular fossa and TMJ
tympanic part
external auditory meatus
styloid process
mastoid part
mastoid process
mastoiditis from ear infection
mastoid notch
digastric muscle
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Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone | Part of cranial floor
separates middle from posterior cranial fossa
Houses middle and inner ear cavities
receptors for hearing and sense of balance
internal auditory meatus = opening for CN VII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
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Opennings of Temporal Bone | Carotid canal
passage for internal carotid artery supplying the brain
Jugular foramen
irregular opening between temporal and occipital bones
passageway for drainage of blood from brain to internal jugular vein
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Occipital Bone | Rear and base of skull
Foramen magnum holds spinal cord
Skull rests on atlas at occipital condyles
Hypoglossal canal transmits hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) supplying tongue muscles
External occipital protuberance for nuchal ligament
Nuchal lines mark n
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Sphenoid Bone | Lesser wing
optic foramen
Greater wing
foramen rotundum and ovale for brs. trigeminal nerve
foramen spinosum for meningeal artery
Body of sphenoid
sella turcica contains hypophyseal fossa
houses pituitary gland
Medial and lateral pteryg
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Ethmoid Bone | Between the orbital cavities
Lateral walls and roof nasal cavity
Cribriform plate and crista galli
Ethmoid air cells form ethmoid sinus
Perpendicular plate forms part of nasal septum
Concha (turbinates) on lateral wall
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Maxillary Bone | Forms upper jaw
alveolar processes are bony pointsbetween teeth
alveolar sockets hold teeth
Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
infraorbital foramen
Forms anterior 2/3’sof hard palate
incisive foramen
cleft palate
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Paranasal Sinuses | Sphenoid sinus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Maxillary sinus
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Palatine Bones | L-shaped bone
Posterior 1/3 of the hard palate
Part of lateral nasal wall
Part of the orbital floor
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Zygomatic Bones | Forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall
Zygomatic arch is formed from temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
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Lacrimal Bones | Form part of medial wall of each orbit
Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac in life
tears collect in lacrimal sac and drain into nasal cavity
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Nasal Bones | Forms bridge of nose and supports cartilages of nose
Often fractured by blow to the nose
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Inferior Nasal Conchae | A separate bone
Not part of ethmoid like the superior and middle concha or turbinates
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Vomer | Inferior half of the nasal septum
Supports cartilage of nasal septum
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Mandible | Only movable bone
jaw joint between mandibular fossaand condyloid process
Holds the lower teeth
Attachment of muscles of mastication
temporalis muscle onto coronoid process
masseter muscle onto angle of mandible
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
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Auditory Ossicles | malleus, incus, and stapes
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Hyoid Bone | suspended from styloid process of skull by muscle and ligament
greater and lesser cornua
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Superficial Muscles of Facial Expression List | Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Levator labi superioris
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomaticus major
Risorius
Modiolus
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Platysma
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Musculature of Tongue | Intrinsic muscles = vertical, transverse and longitudinal
Extrinsic muscles connect tongue to hyoid, styloid process, palate and inside of chin
Tongue shifts food onto teeth and pushes it into pharynx
Intrinsic Muscles of Tongue are Hypoglossal VII
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Muscles of Mastication | 4 Major muscles
Arise from skull and insert on mandible
Temporalis and Masseter elevate the mandible
Medial and Lateral Pterygoids help elevate, but produce lateral swinging of jaw
Temporalis and Masseter Close Your Mouth
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Suprahyoid Muscles and Swallowing | Digastric and Mylohyoid = open mouth
Geniohyoid = widens pharynx during swallowing
Stylohyoid = elevates hyoid
Thyrohyoid = elevates larynx, closing glottis
Digastric opens your mouth
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Triangles of the Neck | Anterior triangles
Muscular
Carotid
Submandibular
Submandibular
Suprahyoid
Posterior triangles
Occipital
Omoclavicular
Sternocleidomastoid
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Muscles Invovled in Swallowing | Pharyngeal constrictors push food down throat
Infrahyoid muscles pulls larynx downward
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles control speech
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Face Landmarks Lateral | Occipital
Frontal
Orbital
Temporal
Nasal
Auricular
Oral
Buccal
Mental
Cervical
Nuchal
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Face Landmarks Anterior | Frons
Root of Nose
Bridge of Nose
Superciliary ridge
Superior palpebral
Lateral commissure
Medial commissure
Inferior palpebral sulcus
Dorsum nasi
Auricle
Apex of nose
Ala nasi
Philtrum
Labia
Mentolabial sulcus
Mentum
Trapezius muscle
Ste
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Deep Muscles in Facial Expression | Galea aponeurotica
Corrugator supercilii
Nasals
Levator anguli oris
Masseter
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Mentalis
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