Nervous System
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
🗑
|
||||
| afferent nerve | Carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).
🗑
|
||||
| arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| astrocyte | Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.
🗑
|
||||
| autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
🗑
|
||||
| axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
🗑
|
||||
| blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries)that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
🗑
|
||||
| brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata.
🗑
|
||||
| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.
🗑
|
||||
| central nervous system (CNS) | Brain and the spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
🗑
|
||||
| cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve).
🗑
|
||||
| dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.
🗑
|
||||
| dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| efferent nerve | Carries messages AWAY FROM the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.
🗑
|
||||
| ependymal cell | Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.
🗑
|
||||
| ganglion (ganglia - plural) | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
🗑
|
||||
| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.
🗑
|
||||
| gyrus (gyri - plural) | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.
🗑
|
||||
| hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
🗑
|
||||
| medulla oblongata | Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.
🗑
|
||||
| meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| microglial cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
🗑
|
||||
| motor nerve | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve.
🗑
|
||||
| myelin sheath | Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.
🗑
|
||||
| nerve | Macroscopic cord-like collections of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.
🗑
|
||||
| neuron | Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body.
🗑
|
||||
| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
🗑
|
||||
| oligodendroglial cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte.
🗑
|
||||
| parasympathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
🗑
|
||||
| parenchyma (par EN ki ma) | Essential, distinguishing tissue of organ/system. NERVOUS = brain, spinal cord, neurons. LIVER = hepatocytes. KIDNEY = nephrons where urines forms.
🗑
|
||||
| peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
🗑
|
||||
| pia mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.
🗑
|
||||
| plexus (plexuses - plural) | Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses.
🗑
|
||||
| pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| receptor | Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.
🗑
|
||||
| sciatic nerve | Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve.
🗑
|
||||
| sensory nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| stimulus (stimuli - plural) | Agent of change (light, sound, touch)in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
🗑
|
||||
| stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| sulcus (sulci - plural) | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
🗑
|
||||
| sympathetic nerves | Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
🗑
|
||||
| synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
🗑
|
||||
| thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
🗑
|
||||
| vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Unlike other nerves, vagus leaves head and wanders into abdominal and thoracic cavities.
🗑
|
||||
| ventricles of the brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
🗑
|
||||
| hydrocephalus | Abnormal Accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| spina bifida | Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts(neural tube defect).
🗑
|
||||
| spina bifida occulta | vertebral defect is covered over with skin and only evident in x-ray.
🗑
|
||||
| spina bifida cystica | More severe with cyst-like protrustions.
🗑
|
||||
| spina bifida cystica with meningocele | Meninges protrudes to outside of body.
🗑
|
||||
| Alzheimer disease (AD) | Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.
🗑
|
||||
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Lou Gehrig disease
🗑
|
||||
| epilepsy | Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.
🗑
|
||||
| Huntington disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.
🗑
|
||||
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.
🗑
|
||||
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
🗑
|
||||
| palsy | Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).
🗑
|
||||
| cerebral palsy | Partial paralysis & lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or perinatal period.
🗑
|
||||
| bell palsy | Paralysis on one side of face. Likely caused by a viral infection.
🗑
|
||||
| Parkinson disease (parkinsonism) | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement. Cause by a deficiency of dopamine.
🗑
|
||||
| Tourette syndrome | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.
🗑
|
||||
| herpes zoster (shingles) | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
🗑
|
||||
| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.
🗑
|
||||
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy | Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.
🗑
|
||||
| brain tumor | Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebral concussion | Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebral contusion | Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
🗑
|
||||
| migraine | Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.
🗑
|
||||
| absence seizure | Minor form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.
🗑
|
||||
| aneurysm | Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke).
🗑
|
||||
| astrocytoma | Malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).
🗑
|
||||
| aura | Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.
🗑
|
||||
| dementia | Mental decline and deterioration.
🗑
|
||||
| demyelination | Destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis).
🗑
|
||||
| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease.
🗑
|
||||
| embolus | Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.
🗑
|
||||
| gait | Manner of walking.
🗑
|
||||
| ictal event | Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of a epileptic seizure.
🗑
|
||||
| occlusion | Blockage
🗑
|
||||
| palliative | Relieving symptoms but not curing them.
🗑
|
||||
| thymectomy | Removal of the thymus gland; used as treatment for myasthenia gravis.
🗑
|
||||
| TIA | Transient ischemic attack.
🗑
|
||||
| tic | Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of Tourette syndrome.
🗑
|
||||
| tonic-clonic seizure | Major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of CSF are examined. Used to diagnose infection, tumors, or multiple sclerosis.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebral angiography | X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material. Used to diagnose vascular disease (aneurysm, occlusion, hemorrhage) in the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| computed tomography (CT) of the brain | X-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| myelography | X-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space. Now being replaced with CT & MRI scans.
🗑
|
||||
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells. Used to diagnose Alzheimer disease, stroke, schizophrenia, and epilepsy.
🗑
|
||||
| Doppler ultrasound studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries. Detects occlusion in blood vessels.
🗑
|
||||
| electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis. Another name is spinal tap.
🗑
|
||||
| stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain. A high-energy radiation beam treats deep tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses.
🗑
|
||||
| AD | Alzheimer disease
🗑
|
||||
| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of nervous system. Anencephaly and spina bifida
🗑
|
||||
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Lou Gehrig disease
🗑
|
||||
| AVM | arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum.
🗑
|
||||
| CNS | central nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid
🗑
|
||||
| CT | computed tomography
🗑
|
||||
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident
🗑
|
||||
| EEG | electroencephalography
🗑
|
||||
| GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
🗑
|
||||
| ICP | intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 MM Hg)
🗑
|
||||
| LP | lumbar puncture
🗑
|
||||
| MAC | monitored anesthetic care
🗑
|
||||
| MG | myasthenia gravis
🗑
|
||||
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography
🗑
|
||||
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
🗑
|
||||
| MS | multiple sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| 1/2P | hemiparesis
🗑
|
||||
| PCA | patient-controlled anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| PET | positron emission tomography
🗑
|
||||
| PNS | peripheral nervous system
🗑
|
||||
| PSRS | proton stereotactic radiosurgery
🗑
|
||||
| Sz | seizure
🗑
|
||||
| TBI | traumatic brain injury
🗑
|
||||
| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain.
🗑
|
||||
| TIA | transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain
🗑
|
||||
| TLE | temporal lobe epilepsy
🗑
|
||||
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke.
🗑
|
||||
| cerebell/o | cerebellum
🗑
|
||||
| cerebr/o | cerebrum
🗑
|
||||
| dur/o | dura mater
🗑
|
||||
| encephal/o | brain
🗑
|
||||
| gli/o | glial cells
🗑
|
||||
| lept/o | thin, slender
🗑
|
||||
| my/o | muscle
🗑
|
||||
| myel/o | spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)
🗑
|
||||
| neur/o | nerve
🗑
|
||||
| pont/o | pons
🗑
|
||||
| radicul/o | nerve root (of spinal nerves)
🗑
|
||||
| thalam/o | thalamus
🗑
|
||||
| thec/o | sheath (refers to the meninges)
🗑
|
||||
| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
🗑
|
||||
| alges/o, -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain
🗑
|
||||
| -algia | pain
🗑
|
||||
| caus/o | burning
🗑
|
||||
| comat/o | deep sleep (coma)
🗑
|
||||
| esthesi/o, -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation
🗑
|
||||
| kines/o kinesi/o -kinesia -kinesis -kinetic | movement
🗑
|
||||
| -lepsy | seizure
🗑
|
||||
| lex/o | word, phrase
🗑
|
||||
| -paresis | weakness
🗑
|
||||
| -phasia | speech
🗑
|
||||
| -plegia | paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
🗑
|
||||
| -praxia | action
🗑
|
||||
| -sthenia | strength
🗑
|
||||
| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short
🗑
|
||||
| tax/o | order, coordination
🗑
|
||||
| meningi/o | meninges
🗑
|
||||
| spinal bifida cystica with myelomeningocele | Both spinal cord and meninges protrude from body
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
S1159017
Popular Anatomy sets