molec bio + cellular respiration
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| hydrogen bonding in water allows.. | show 🗑
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| show | any biological molecule that has low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents; hydrophobic
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| what are the six groups of lipids? | show 🗑
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| fatty acids | show 🗑
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| triacylglycerols | show 🗑
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| show | built from glycerol backbone but a SERVE AS STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF MEMBRANES; polar phosphate replaces one of the fatty acids to create an amphipathic molecule
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| show | four ringed structures that include hormones, vitamin D, and cholesterol (also membrane component); REGULATE METABOLIC ACITIVITIES
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| eicosanoids | show 🗑
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| show | built from a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
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| show | humans have 10 - meaning humans cannot manufacture these 10 and must be ingested
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| show | glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline
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| polar R groups | show 🗑
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| show | aspartic acid, glutamic acid
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| basic R groups | show 🗑
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| show | number and sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
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| show | contribute to conformation of protein
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| alpha helix | show 🗑
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| beta pleated sheet | show 🗑
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| show | 3D shape of peptide chain created by (1) covalent disulfide bonds between 2 cysteine (2) electrostatic interactions btw acidic and basic side chains (3) hydrogen bonds (4) VDW forces (5) hydrophobic side chains pushed away from H2O
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| quaternary structure | show 🗑
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| show | function as enzymes, hormones, membrane pumps and channels, membrane receptors, intercellular and intracellular transport and storage, osmotic regulators, immune response - antibodies
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| structural proteins | show 🗑
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| glycoprotein | show 🗑
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| show | proteins which require prosthetic heme grope in order to function
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| show | aka sugars or saccharides, made of carbon and water
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| glucose | show 🗑
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| alpha-glucose | show 🗑
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| beta-glucose | show 🗑
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| show | alpha linked polymerized glucose found in all animal cells as a way to store glucose
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| starch | show 🗑
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| show | beta linked polymerized glucose, animals cannot digest beta linkages only bacteria can digest
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| show | composed of a five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
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| show | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil
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| show | joins the nucelotides by creating bond between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose of the other nucelotide
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| adenine and thymine form how many H bonds | show 🗑
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| show | three
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| show | adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide that acts as source of readily available engery for the cell
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| show | cyclic AMP, important component of second messenger systems
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| show | NADH and FADH2
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| show | dissolved inorganic ions inside and outside the cell; assist in transport of substances entering/exiting cell; can combine and solidify to give strength to matrix; can act as co-factors assisting enzyme or protein function
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| show | globular protein, function as catalyst to lower energy of activation for bio rxn and increasing rate of rxn; exhibit saturation kinetics
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| show | active site of the enzyme has a specific shape like a lock that only fits a specific substrate (the key)
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| show | the shape of both the enzyme and substrate are altered upon binding which increases specificity and helps rxn to proceed; in cases with multiple substrates, the enzyme can orient substrates relative to each other to create optimal conditions for the rxn
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| show | where as the relative concentration of substrate increases, the rate of rxn also increases, but to a lesser and lesser degree until a max rate has been achieved
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| show | substrate conc, temp, pH, cofactors
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| show | non-protein component required by enzymes to reach optimal activity (coenzymes or metal ions)
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| coenzyme | show 🗑
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| cosubstrate | show 🗑
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| prosthetic group | show 🗑
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| temperature and enzymatic rxns | show 🗑
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| pH and enzymatic rxns | show 🗑
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| show | irreversible, competitive, non-competitive
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| irreversible inhibitor | show 🗑
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| competitive inhibitor | show 🗑
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| show | agents which bind noncovalenty to an enzyme at a spot other than the active site and change the confirmation of enzyme, will lower Vmax but the affinity of the enzyme remains the same (Km)
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| Km | show 🗑
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| four methods of enzyme regulation | show 🗑
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| proteolytic cleavage | show 🗑
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| reversible covalent modification | show 🗑
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| show | protein subunits that associate with certain enzymes to activate/inhibit their activity; eg calmodulin or G-proteins
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| show | molecules that regulate enzyme activation/inhibition by causing conformational change (eg feedback inhibition); not necessarily noncompetitive inhibitors; exhibit atypical kinetics
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| negative feedback | show 🗑
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| show | one of the products returns to activate the enzyme (occurs less often then negative)
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| positive cooperativity | show 🗑
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| show | oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolyses, lyases, isomerases, ligases
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| show | all cellular chemical rxns consisting of anabolism (molecular synthesis) and catabolism (molecular degradation)
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| three stages of metabolism | show 🗑
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| respiration | show 🗑
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| show | respiration where oxygen is not required, includes glycolysis and fermentation
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| glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | expends two ATPs to phosphorylate the molecule
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| 3-C stage of glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | 4 ATP + 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH
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| show | glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+
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| show | glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
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| irreversible steps of glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy released from the decay of high energy phosphorylated compounds as opposed to using the energy from diffusion)
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| fermentation | show 🗑
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| when does fermentation take place | show 🗑
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| why does NAD+ need to be restored (in fermentation) | show 🗑
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| where does glycolysis take place | show 🗑
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| aerobic respiration | show 🗑
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| NADH brings back how many ATP | show 🗑
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| FADH2 brings back how many ATP | show 🗑
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| Kreb's cycle | show 🗑
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| show | coenzyme which transfers 2 carbons from pyruvate to the 4-C oxaloacetic acid to begin the Kreb's cycle
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| show | tryglyceride - glycerol converted to PGAL and fatty acids converted go acyl CoA to acetyl CoA
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| show | deaminated in liver so amino acids can be converted to pyruvic acid or acetyl CoA or other steps in the Kreb's cycle
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| show | series of proteins (including cytochromes with heme) in the membrane of mitochondrion where electrons are passed down to ultimately be accepted by oxygen to create a proton gradient
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| oxidative phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| show | glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H20
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