molec bio + cellular respiration
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| hydrogen bonding in water allows.. | show 🗑
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| show | any biological molecule that has low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents; hydrophobic
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| what are the six groups of lipids? | show 🗑
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| show | building blocks of most complex lipids; long chains of carbons with carboxylic acid at one end
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| triacylglycerols | show 🗑
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| show | built from glycerol backbone but a SERVE AS STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF MEMBRANES; polar phosphate replaces one of the fatty acids to create an amphipathic molecule
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| steroids | show 🗑
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| show | SERVE AS LOCAL HORMONES; include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
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| show | built from a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
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| essential amino acids | show 🗑
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| non polar R groups | show 🗑
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| polar R groups | show 🗑
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| acidic R groups | show 🗑
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| basic R groups | show 🗑
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| primary structure | show 🗑
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| secondary structure, alpha helix and beta pleated sheets | show 🗑
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| show | conformation of single protein chain (twisted into helix) which are reinforced by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen on amino group
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| show | connecting segments of two strands of sheet can lie parallel or anti-parallel which are reinforced by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen on amino group
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| show | 3D shape of peptide chain created by (1) covalent disulfide bonds between 2 cysteine (2) electrostatic interactions btw acidic and basic side chains (3) hydrogen bonds (4) VDW forces (5) hydrophobic side chains pushed away from H2O
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| show | shape when two or more polypeptide chains bind together, depends on same five forces that tertiary structure does
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| show | function as enzymes, hormones, membrane pumps and channels, membrane receptors, intercellular and intracellular transport and storage, osmotic regulators, immune response - antibodies
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| structural proteins | show 🗑
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| glycoprotein | show 🗑
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| cytochromes | show 🗑
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| show | aka sugars or saccharides, made of carbon and water
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| glucose | show 🗑
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| alpha-glucose | show 🗑
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| show | OH group and CH3OH group are on the same side
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| show | alpha linked polymerized glucose found in all animal cells as a way to store glucose
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| starch | show 🗑
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| show | beta linked polymerized glucose, animals cannot digest beta linkages only bacteria can digest
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| show | composed of a five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
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| most common nitrogenous bases | show 🗑
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| show | joins the nucelotides by creating bond between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose of the other nucelotide
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| adenine and thymine form how many H bonds | show 🗑
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| cytosine and guanine form how many H bonds | show 🗑
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| ATP | show 🗑
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| show | cyclic AMP, important component of second messenger systems
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| show | NADH and FADH2
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| show | dissolved inorganic ions inside and outside the cell; assist in transport of substances entering/exiting cell; can combine and solidify to give strength to matrix; can act as co-factors assisting enzyme or protein function
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| show | globular protein, function as catalyst to lower energy of activation for bio rxn and increasing rate of rxn; exhibit saturation kinetics
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| show | active site of the enzyme has a specific shape like a lock that only fits a specific substrate (the key)
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| show | the shape of both the enzyme and substrate are altered upon binding which increases specificity and helps rxn to proceed; in cases with multiple substrates, the enzyme can orient substrates relative to each other to create optimal conditions for the rxn
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| show | where as the relative concentration of substrate increases, the rate of rxn also increases, but to a lesser and lesser degree until a max rate has been achieved
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| show | substrate conc, temp, pH, cofactors
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| cofactor | show 🗑
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| show | organic molecules that help enzymes obtain optimal activity; divided into two types - cosubstrates and prosthetic; eg: vitamins
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| show | reversibly bind to specific enzyme & transfer some chem group to another substrate and reverted back to original by another enzymatic reaction; eg: ATP
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| show | remain covalently bound to enzyme through reaction; eg: heme
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| show | increased temp will increase rxn rate until enzyme is denatured, then it rxn rate drops dramatically
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| show | optimal pH depends on enzyme
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| show | irreversible, competitive, non-competitive
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| irreversible inhibitor | show 🗑
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| competitive inhibitor | show 🗑
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| show | agents which bind noncovalenty to an enzyme at a spot other than the active site and change the confirmation of enzyme, will lower Vmax but the affinity of the enzyme remains the same (Km)
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| show | Michealis constant, substrate conc at which the rxn rate is equal to 1/2 the Vmax, good indicator of enzyme's affinity to substrate
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| four methods of enzyme regulation | show 🗑
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| show | enzymes become irreversibly active when after specific peptide bonds cleaved on its zymogen/proenzyme
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| show | activated/deactivated by phosphorylation or addition of some other modifier (often accomplished by hydrolysis)
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| control proteins | show 🗑
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| show | molecules that regulate enzyme activation/inhibition by causing conformational change (eg feedback inhibition); not necessarily noncompetitive inhibitors; exhibit atypical kinetics
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| negative feedback | show 🗑
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| show | one of the products returns to activate the enzyme (occurs less often then negative)
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| positive cooperativity | show 🗑
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| categories of enzymes | show 🗑
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| metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | (1)macromolecules broken down to their constituent parts (2)constituent parts oxidized to acetyl CoA/pyruvate/other metabolite forming some ATP and reduced coenzymes(no O2) (3)if O2 available, metabolites go into citric acid cycle & oxidative phosphor
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| respiration | show 🗑
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| show | respiration where oxygen is not required, includes glycolysis and fermentation
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| show | series of rxns that breaks 6-C glucose molecule into two 3-C molecules of pyruvate
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| show | expends two ATPs to phosphorylate the molecule
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| show | synthesizes 2 ATP with each 3 carbon molecule
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| show | 4 ATP + 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH
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| show | glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+
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| glycolysis reaction | show 🗑
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| show | (1) glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (phosphorylated glucose) - assists facilitated diffusion mech which transports glucose into the cell (2) fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at the expense of ATP
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| substrate level phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| fermentation | show 🗑
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| when does fermentation take place | show 🗑
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| show | NAD+ acts as a coenzyme in glycolysis
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| show | cytosol
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| show | requires oxygen, produces 36 net ATP (including glycolysis)
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| show | 2 - 3
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| show | 2
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| Kreb's cycle | show 🗑
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| show | coenzyme which transfers 2 carbons from pyruvate to the 4-C oxaloacetic acid to begin the Kreb's cycle
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| fatty acids role in respiration | show 🗑
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| proteins role in respiration | show 🗑
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| electron transport chain | show 🗑
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| oxidative phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| show | glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H20
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