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OCTH 725 final

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
analysis of own routine and occupational patterns; modifications to maximize health, productivity, and life satisfaction   show
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60+ participants; 3 groups-preventative OT group, social activity group led by non-OT professionals, no treatment   show
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results: OT group had more positive gains, OT groups experienced greater gains (and fewer declines) in physical health, physical functioning, social functioning, vitality, mental health, life satisfaction   show
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implications: OT can help elderly remain independence and healthy for a longer duration of time, cost-effective to use preventative OT, professional direction is required to produce therapeutic effect, enhances health and QOL of older adults   show
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defines our profession as meaningful, productive, and satisfying occupations; has challenges with seeking funding and time spent with patient   show
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4 core ideas: occupation is life itself, occupation can create new visions of possible selves & life changes, occupation has a curative effect on physical & mental health & on a sense of life order and routine, occupation has a place in preventative care   show
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cost-effective and promote OT as such for healthcare organizations   show
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themes of meaning: spirituality, family nurturing, need to feel useful   show
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theory: potential to reorder their patterns of occupation from states of disequilibrium to more complex, stable patterns; in practice looks like not offering a fixed set of occupational interventions and is unique to each client   show
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show module 1: occupation, health, and aging  
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module of lifestyle redesign: public or private transport; not driving can lead to occ. dysfunction; very valued and important occupation for older adults; considerations-physical changes, cognitive, physical environment of car, eliminate distractions   show
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module of lifestyle redesign: physical activity, mental activity, spiritual activity, social activity, productive activity   show
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module of lifestyle redesign: effects physical and mental well-being; healthy ways to decrease stress-coping strategies, flow, rest and sleep   show
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show module 5: dining and nutrition  
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show module 6: time and occupation  
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show module 7: home and community safety  
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show module 8: relationships and occupations  
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show module 9: thriving  
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show module 10: navigating healthcare  
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show module 11: hormones, aging, and sexuality  
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show module 12: ending a group  
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aging at organism, molecular, and cellular levels   show
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show psychological  
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focus on social participation   show
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show environmental  
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show programmed theories  
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programmed theory: expressions of genes as "on" or "off"   show
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programmed theory: hormonal regulation of aging   show
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programmed theory: gradual decline in function of immune responses; increased risk of illness, infections, etc.   show
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biological theory: aging is a result of "environmental insults", outcome is dysfunction of cells; somatic mutation theory, free radical theory   show
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show somatic mutation theory  
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show free radical theory  
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biological theory: aging is caused by inherited genetics and acquired genetic mutations; cell senescence theory, epigenetics   show
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show cell senescence theory  
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show epigenetics  
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what is missing with biological theories   show
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show life span developmental theory  
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show selective optimization with compensation theory  
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psychological theory: prioritize emotional closeness over large social groups; reduce interactions and increase emotional connections; increase time spent with loved ones and close friends   show
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show personality and aging theories  
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show fluid intelligence  
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psychological theory: cognition and aging theory-level of intelligence based on social and cultural influences, stable or increase across lifespan   show
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show functional cognition  
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environmental theory: foundational theory-aging = adaptation to external environment and internal capacities   show
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environmental theory: foundational theory-5 systems that affect functional performance at varying levels, social and cultural structures of environment   show
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show aging in the right place  
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environmental theory: contemporary theory-transactional process   show
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show situational model of care  
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show life course perspective  
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sociological theory: interactions of people at different ages due to shifting roles, skills, and resources that go along with advancing age; assumptions-all factors of exchange bring resources, reciprocity expected   show
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show political economy of aging theory  
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show what is missing from current theory  
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basis is that people need to have basic needs met before they can engage   show
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helps to problem-solve, individualized and creative intervention, strategies for increasing engagement   show
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show behavioral theory  
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show conditioning  
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show stimulus  
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show response  
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show fading and shaping  
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show chaining  
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part of behavioral theory: adverse stimulus that causes a behavior to decrease   show
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show reinforcement  
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part of behavioral theory: process to reduce frequency of behavior by withholding reinforcement   show
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approaches: classical conditioning, punishment, extinction, stimulus discrimination, positive and negative reinforcement; techniques: fading, chaining, shaping   show
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show forward  
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type of chaining: client does entire task with no help   show
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type of chaining: you do everything except last step, client does that   show
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show who would benefit from behavioral theories  
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show social cognitive theory  
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show modeling  
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belief that you can learn or complete a skill/behavior, influences persistence, influenced by past, others, and mental space   show
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major assumptions: learners must be active participants in learning, learners are capable of creating their own knowledge, learners dev ability to think critically to solve probs, activate participation in learning environment enhances cognitive skills   show
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show constructivist theory  
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theory that believes we change our behavior/response because we want to do so; stages of Transtheoretical Model; motivational interviewing   show
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stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination   show
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figuring out where client is in stages and motivation to change   show
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show biological age  
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show psychological age  
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show social age  
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stage of adulthood: ages 21-34, peak social and mental abilities, increased responsibilities, relationships   show
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show middle adulthood  
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stage of adulthood: ages 65+, youngest old = 65-74, middle old = 75-84, oldest old = 85+   show
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lower income = more susceptibility to ____ ____ due to less access to care, less education, less able to buy healthy foods, and more stress   show
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which gender makes up majority of older adults in almost all countries and have a longer life expectancy   show
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show positive attitude  
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what type of attitude leads to an increased and earlier onset of cardiovascular events   show
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show ageism  
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influences expectations and goals for aging, roles within their community and family   show
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show public policy  
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show social determinants of health  
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Social Security, asset income, public and private pensions, and earnings   show
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show health literacy  
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influence on occupational development: observation -> learn from one another -> teaching and scaffolding; cultural aspects are taught from experienced participants   show
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show engagement is transformational  
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influence on occupational development: child rearing and adult work, physical activity, gender and age stereotypes   show
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show societal influences  
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show values  
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accepted, considered to be true, held as an opinion   show
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deep experience of meaning; values and beliefs, reflection, and intention; dynamic and evolving   show
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physiological function of body systems and anatomical parts   show
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performance skills: how effectively a person moves self or interacts with objects, body positioning, obtaining and holding objects, moving self and objects, sustaining performance   show
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show process skills  
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performance skills: use of verbal and nonverbal skills to communicate, initiating and terminating social interaction, producing interaction, shaping content and maintaining flow of convo/interaction, physically supporting interaction, verbal support   show
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context: physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings; facilitators and barriers; natural and human made elements; products and tech; support and relationships; attitudes; services, systems, policies   show
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context: customs, beliefs, activity patterns, behavioral patterns, expectations; mostly stable throughout time; not part of a health condition or state; demographic info   show
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show habits  
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performance pattern: establish sequences of occupations or activities; higher order habit; provide daily structure; can promote or damage health; OT's role-new ones in face of dysfunction or disability   show
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performance pattern: normative models of behavior; dynamic throughout life course; shaped by culture and context; can be associated with specific conditions; OT's role-construct or reconstruct, consider culture, meaning, and responsibilities   show
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performance pattern: have symbolism and meaning; include belonging and meaning; OT's role-recognize this from routine, create these to signify transitions, help to engage   show
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type of transition: predictable-normal age-related changes in function and performance OR unpredictable-age-related illness or disability   show
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show contextual / environmental transitions  
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type of transition: OT's role = QOL, physical health, mental health is unaddressed, occupational and social engagement, huge transitions seen as loss of independence, maintenance programs   show
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show occupational transitions  
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show transitions  
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state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just absence of disease   show
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show wellness  
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being content with one's life including physical, mental, and social aspects   show
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education or health promotion efforts designed to id, reduce, or prevent onset and reduce incidence of health conditions, risk factors, diseases, or injuries   show
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show quality of life  
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show health promotion  
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show OT - directed health promotion  
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show health promotion and prevention  
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type of prevention: education or health promotion efforts to prevent onset of disease, illness, etc.; before client has diagnosis   show
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show secondary prevention  
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type of prevention: preventing progression of condition   show
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show social determinants of health  
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lack of access to engagement in meaningful occupation; results in poorer health outcomes and injustices; contributing factors-inequality, discrimination, limitations set on a group of people   show
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show OT's role in health promotion and prevention  
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show Health Promotion Theory  
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show perceived susceptibility  
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show perceived severity  
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part of Health Belief Model: effectiveness of taken action   show
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part of Health Belief Model: factors that activate readiness to change   show
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show perceived barriers  
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show self - efficacy  
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population health, AOTA documents and position papers, health literacy, development of programs and interventions, to implement health promotion interventions/programs, OT's role in health promotion is evidence-based   show
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part of occupational balance: rest matters, types of activity, where people live   show
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amount of occupational balance: socioeconomic factors, pandemic, unemployment   show
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amount of occupational balance: demanding/high stress jobs, education, roles at home   show
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show disability  
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measure to describe impact of health status on QOL, multidimensional, includes positive and negative aspects   show
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show disability paradox  
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promote healthy occupations and lifestyles for everyone, incorporate occupation as an essential element of health promotion strategies, provide occupation-based interventions with individuals, families, communities, and populations   show
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show aging in place  
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show community - based services  
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cognitive process: ability to focus on stimulation for purpose of processing info; requires effort and ability to "filter"   show
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show selective  
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show sustained  
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type of attention: direct or switch between 2 or more tasks or activities, associated with age-related decline   show
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show divided  
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show executive functioning  
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cognitive process: abstract reasoning, flexibility, initiation, and completion; declines with age   show
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show crystallized intelligence  
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show wisdom  
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show implicit processing  
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cognitive process: processing that requires awareness and effort, experiences change with age (decline)   show
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cognitive process: ability to perform ADLs and IADLs, should be assessed in natural environment, use experience to compensate for any age-related change, certain activities become more difficult with age   show
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show sensory  
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show short - term  
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type of memory: intentional use of strategies to manipulate, store, and maintain info   show
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show procedural  
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type of memory: future or schedule tasks without aid   show
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show semantic  
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show speed of processing  
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show sensory deficit theory  
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cognitive theory of aging: deficits in working memory due to slowed processing, sensory processing, and decreased inhibition; cognitive stimulation -> fewer white mater lesions   show
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show dual - process theory  
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cognitive theory of aging: brain weight and volume changes with age   show
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neuropathology: acute changes in attention, awareness, cognition; causes-frailty, infections, prolonged illness, lab values, med reactions, alcohol withdrawal, surgery; OT works to reduce days of this in older adults   show
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neuropathology: deficits-amnesia, attention, language, visuospatial, EF; transitional stage between healthy and dementia; intervention-exercise, client-centered activities, cognitive stim., socialization, client and family education   show
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show dementia  
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show Alzheimer Disease  
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show dementia with Lewy bodies  
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neuropathology: 2nd most common form of dementia, more preventable, daily fluctuations, worsens over the day, insufficient supply of oxygenated blood, may have localized or focal symptoms   show
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show frontotemporal dementia  
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show sundowning  
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neuropathology: cognition affects ADLs/IADLs participation; intervention-multidisciplinary approach, teach strategies, optimize environment, focus on ADLs/IADLs   show
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neuropathology: most prevalent mental illness among older adults; related to transitions; cognitive, emotional, physical manifestations and complications   show
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show schizophrenia  
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show bipolar disorders  
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neuropathology: risk factor for dementia; confusion, processing, EF   show
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neuropathology: cause is multifactorial; cognitive abilities-memory loss, concentration and attention, learning and EF; impact on function-decreased ADLs, decreased IADLs, social isolation, fatigue, memory loss, poor attention   show
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cog. stim.-reduce risk of dementia; physical activity-enhanced EF, processing, balance; socialization-decrease depression, increased sense of well-being, enable interaction; mental health-focus on ADLs and IADLs   show
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cardiopulmonary age-related change: decrease in elastic tissue and increase in fibrous tissue, few changes to large ones, increased stiffness of medium and small ones   show
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show lung parenchyma  
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cardiopulmonary age-related change: diffusion of gas between alveolar air and pulmonary circulation, progressively declines with age   show
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cardiopulmonary disease: dyspnea on exertion, cough, wheezing, fatigue, lower blood-oxygen levels, increased respiration at rest, OT helps with activity modification and fatigue   show
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cardiopulmonary disease: progressive scarring of lung tissue, breathing difficulties, insufficient oxygenation to bloodstream, dyspnea, non-productive cough, increased sputum   show
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show lung cancer  
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show acute respiratory distress syndrome  
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cardiopulmonary disease: infection of lungs, alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid   show
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show tuberculosis  
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show pulmonary edema  
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cardiopulmonary disease: leading cause of death; accumulation of plaque in coronary aa.; symptoms-angina, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, depression and anxiety, irritability, decreased QOL   show
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show congestive heart failure  
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cardiopulmonary disease: myocardium enlargement and dysfunction of ventricle(s); acquired or hereditary; symptoms-dyspnea, lightheadedness, arrhythmias, chest pain, edema, fatigue   show
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cardiopulmonary disease: blockage of coronary aa. leads to damage or death of cardiac m.; non-ST elevation; ST-elevation; plaque rupture or clots; variable symptoms between men and women   show
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show cardiac arrest  
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cardiopulmonary disease: chronically elevated BP   show
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show arrhythmias  
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show cardiopulmonary diseases  
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can take anywhere between 1.5 to 2 hours and includes clinical eval and behind-the-wheel assessment   show
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possible diagnoses referred-Alzheimer's disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, CVA, MVA, Parkinson's disease, seizures   show
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part of driver eval: completed on Optec; tests for visual acuity, peripheral vision, depth perception, contrast sensitivity, color id, visual attention, and road sign recognition   show
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part of driver eval: examples are Short Blessed Test, Trail Making Part A, Trail Making Part B, Snellgove Maze Test, Clock Drawing Test   show
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show outcomes  
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(high/low tech): may include use of adaptive driving aids such as seat cushions or additional mirrors; AE for primary control is typically mechanical/electrical; services may include transport planning, cessation planning, and othe recommendations   show
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(high/low tech): provider can alter positioning of primary or secondary controls based on patient's need or ability level; includes devices that are capable of controlling driving controls or have a computerized system   show
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category of social relationship: network size, marital status, frequency, living arrangement   show
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category of social relationship: social support, isolation, loneliness, inclusiveness, quality   show
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show diverse social networks  
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type of social relationship: friends and neighbors, fewer interactions with family   show
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type of social relationship: social life arranged around family   show
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type of social relationship: limited engagement of any kind   show
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type of social support: advice, problem-solving   show
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show isolation  
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subjective experience of isolation   show
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loss of nonsexual, affectionate touch; increased loneliness   show
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show gender  
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show gender id  
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show sex  
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gender id and sex assigned at birth are same   show
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show transgender  
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show nonbinary / gender nonconforming / gender diverse  
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describes people with differences in reproductive anatomy   show
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show assigned female / male at birth  
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show gender affirming care  
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show cultural humility  
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show atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease  
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has benefits for sexual function and libido, long-term use may increase risk of illness and cognitive disorders   show
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show women  
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permission-affirm to clients that their sexual health concerns are appropriate; limited info-clients will be curious about how injury affects sexuality; specific suggestions-tailed to client; intensive therapy-need advanced training or refer to an expert   show
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age-related change to...: "dry eye", loss of subcutaneous fat and decreased tissue elasticity and tone, levator palpebrae superioris m. becomes weak   show
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show eye  
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show visual pathway  
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show cataracts  
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visual condition: progressive optic n. damage from increased pressure in eye; results in blindness; primary-slow onset, may cause permanent damage before person notices; angle-closure - pain, blurry vision, acute, medical emergency   show
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show macular degeneration  
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type of macular degeneration: yellow deposits of extracellular material in macula, most common type, retinal atrophy leads to vision loss   show
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type of macular degeneration: progresses more rapidly, proliferation of abnormal blood cells that leak blood and fluid into macula   show
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show diabetic retinopathy  
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show low vision  
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show vision disorders  
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show under  
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common pain diagnosis: no known cause or cure; increased risk for older adults; diffuse pain; OT's role-activity modification, energy conservation, AE, and techniques   show
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show diabetic neuropathy  
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auditory disorder: age-related progressive loss of hearing   show
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show sensorineural hearing loss  
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OT implications-social complications; speech perception and discrimination   show
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show smell and taste  
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OT implications-decreased balance and safety, increased fall risk, adaptations to LE dressing to accommodate for age-related balance changes   show
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show physical fitness and aging  
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show osteoarthritis  
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show rheumatoid arthritis  
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MSK change: compromised bone strength; low bone mass; increased fall risk and injury; OT's role-exercise, balance, fall prevention, body mechanics for ADLs   show
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MSK change: more common in older osteoporotic patients; causes pain; limit ADL participation; decreased QOL; OT's role-bracing, pain control, therapy   show
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leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries of those 65+; underreported; fear common; risk factors-gait, balance, strength, cognition, environmental hazards   show
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show amputation  
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MSK disorder: autoimmune disorder; demyelination of nn. in brain and spinal cord; types - relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, clinically isolated syndrome; impact-affects QOL, decreased ADL/IADL function, mobility   show
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show Parkinson's Disease  
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stages: 1-unilat. symptoms, resting tremor; 2-midline or bilat. symptoms, tremor and rigidity; 3-loss of balance, mild to moderate disability; 4-use of AE, needs assist with ADLs; 5-limited mobility, dependent or max assist   show
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show stroke  
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OT implications-decreased ADL function, decreased motor function, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, speech and language deficits   show
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show ethical issues with older adults  
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participate in decision-making, dignity, privacy, respect, associate freely, visit privately, receive mail, freedom from abuse, manage finances, express grievances and make recommendations, voice complaints, participate in resident council associations   show
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actions causing physical, mental, emotional, or financial harm or neglect to an older adult; higher instances in institutions or LTC facilities; most often family members and close relatives   show
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types: abandonment, emotional, exploitation, financial, neglect, physical, sexual   show
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signs: depression, confusion, withdrawn, feeling isolated, unexplained bruises and burns, looks disheveled/unkempt, new bed sores, change in banking/spending   show
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show elder abuse  
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show advanced directive  
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show end of life treatments  
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type of artificial nutrition and hydration: placed in v. under patient's skin, provides fluid   show
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show nasogastric tube  
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end of life treatment: for people with long-term or chronic conditions that are "life-limiting", team approach, focus on QOL and comfort, environmental and personal factors, care team   show
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end of life treatment: subset of palliative care, compassionate and humane care for dying person, home vs. institutional setting, teams of professionals and volunteers   show
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application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, the change and manipulation of the human environment; multiple types   show
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show assistive technology  
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show therapeutic technology  
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type of technology: fixed environmental tech, put in place to make things accessible; ex. ramps, levered door handles, grab bars, door openers   show
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type of technology: objects used in our occupations; ex. computer, phone, toothbrush, comb   show
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show virtual environments  
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type of virtual environment: used in conjunction with standardized driving assessments; used in place of or prior to on-the-road assessments; used for assessment, rehab, or driver's education   show
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type of virtual environment: immersive and interactive environment; controlled setting for intervention; focus on skills such as occupations, motor, cognition, social, balance, coordination   show
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type of virtual environment: single record in medical history in 1 location   show
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type of virtual environment: comprehensive record of health that is shareable   show
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show method of delivery  
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show telehealth  
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show telehealth  
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benefits: increased access, cost effective, quality, patient demand, tech issues, user perception, evidence-based, reimbursement   show
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show home management  
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examples are medication management, appointments, physical activity, adequate nutrition, mental health maintenance, adequate sleep   show
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show sleep  
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conditions that disrupt ____: depression and anxiety, dementia/Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, respiratory conditions, physical disability, heart disease, diabetes, chronic pain   show
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OT's role: lifestyle redesign, self-management programs, med. management, education, physical activity and fall prevention, nutrition management, environmental modifications   show
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show leisure  
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show work and retirement  
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