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analysis of own routine and occupational patterns; modifications to maximize health, productivity, and life satisfaction
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60+ participants; 3 groups-preventative OT group, social activity group led by non-OT professionals, no treatment
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OCTH 725 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| analysis of own routine and occupational patterns; modifications to maximize health, productivity, and life satisfaction | self - analysis |
| 60+ participants; 3 groups-preventative OT group, social activity group led by non-OT professionals, no treatment | well - elderly study |
| results: OT group had more positive gains, OT groups experienced greater gains (and fewer declines) in physical health, physical functioning, social functioning, vitality, mental health, life satisfaction | well - elderly study |
| implications: OT can help elderly remain independence and healthy for a longer duration of time, cost-effective to use preventative OT, professional direction is required to produce therapeutic effect, enhances health and QOL of older adults | well - elderly study |
| defines our profession as meaningful, productive, and satisfying occupations; has challenges with seeking funding and time spent with patient | lifestyle redesign |
| 4 core ideas: occupation is life itself, occupation can create new visions of possible selves & life changes, occupation has a curative effect on physical & mental health & on a sense of life order and routine, occupation has a place in preventative care | lifestyle redesign |
| cost-effective and promote OT as such for healthcare organizations | preventative OT |
| themes of meaning: spirituality, family nurturing, need to feel useful | meaningful occupations |
| theory: potential to reorder their patterns of occupation from states of disequilibrium to more complex, stable patterns; in practice looks like not offering a fixed set of occupational interventions and is unique to each client | dynamic systems theory |
| module of lifestyle redesign: what is an occupation; homeostasis-balance and variety of occupations, use examples and handouts | module 1: occupation, health, and aging |
| module of lifestyle redesign: public or private transport; not driving can lead to occ. dysfunction; very valued and important occupation for older adults; considerations-physical changes, cognitive, physical environment of car, eliminate distractions | module 2: community mobility |
| module of lifestyle redesign: physical activity, mental activity, spiritual activity, social activity, productive activity | module 3: building blocks of longevity |
| module of lifestyle redesign: effects physical and mental well-being; healthy ways to decrease stress-coping strategies, flow, rest and sleep | module 4: stress and inflammation management |
| module of lifestyle redesign: food choices and experience of eating; link to occupation-cooking, social activities, grocery shopping; nutrition impacts energy, overall health, and ability to engage in other occupations | module 5: dining and nutrition |
| module of lifestyle redesign: core tenant of OT; analysis of time based on pace, experience of time, past, present, anticipated future, can be incorporated into other modules | module 6: time and occupation |
| module of lifestyle redesign: older adults are target for mistreatment; fear leads to avoidance of activities; could include teaching, coaching, affirmation, practice, home modifications with handouts about universal design and falls | module 7: home and community safety |
| module of lifestyle redesign: community; communication; culture; coping with loss, death, and dying; activities related to identifying social activities and relationships, planning outings, understanding self and social/cultural aspect of communication | module 8: relationships and occupations |
| module of lifestyle redesign: life periods-adulthood II, engage in life more profoundly, explore priorities and potential; recognize and explore potential; try a new activity with your client | module 9: thriving |
| module of lifestyle redesign: health literacy, communication with providers | module 10: navigating healthcare |
| module of lifestyle redesign: sexuality is an important part of aging (sexual activity=ADL); communication, intimacy, commitment; natural changes in hormones, prescription meds, psychosocial factors interfere with sexual activity | module 11: hormones, aging, and sexuality |
| module of lifestyle redesign: used when completing full program, reflection and plan to maintain, highlight accomplishments | module 12: ending a group |
| aging at organism, molecular, and cellular levels | biological |
| focus on individual to explain aging from a behavioral and developmental perspective | psychological |
| focus on social participation | sociological |
| aging within context of elements in environment | environmental |
| biological theory: occur over time, body degrades due to programmed deterioration; programmed longevity, endocrine theory, immunologic theory | programmed theories |
| programmed theory: expressions of genes as "on" or "off" | programmed longevity |
| programmed theory: hormonal regulation of aging | endocrine theory |
| programmed theory: gradual decline in function of immune responses; increased risk of illness, infections, etc. | immunologic theory |
| biological theory: aging is a result of "environmental insults", outcome is dysfunction of cells; somatic mutation theory, free radical theory | error theories |
| error theory: accumulation of mutations = cell function failure = death | somatic mutation theory |
| error theory: aging is a result of production of free radicals; atom with unpaired electron, highly reactive; cause damage to cell = dysfunction | free radical theory |
| biological theory: aging is caused by inherited genetics and acquired genetic mutations; cell senescence theory, epigenetics | genetic theories |
| genetic theory: longevity genes allow for continuous healthy life, telomeres lose length and ability to replicate, accumulation of aged cells created age-related decline of stem cells | cell senescence theory |
| genetic theory: expression of genes is related to social, behavioral, and environmental factors such as ACEs | epigenetics |
| what is missing with biological theories | social interactions and more nature than nurture |
| psychological theory: both developmental truths and individual differences; significant individual differentiation; intraindividual plasticity (grow, change, adapt as we age); multi-directionality (different facets to aging) | life span developmental theory |
| psychological theory: selection-fewer domains of functioning as we age; optimization-engage in behaviors that enrich life; compensation-restriction of range of adaptive potential; balance between the 3 allows for positive aging | selective optimization with compensation theory |
| psychological theory: prioritize emotional closeness over large social groups; reduce interactions and increase emotional connections; increase time spent with loved ones and close friends | socioemotional selectivity theory |
| psychological theory: age-related personality changes - developmental, personality traits, no major change throughout life; maintain personality/integrity through loss and healthy changes | personality and aging theories |
| psychological theory: cognition and aging theory-level of intelligence based on genetic and biological determinants; thinking and analyzing, declines with age | fluid intelligence |
| psychological theory: cognition and aging theory-level of intelligence based on social and cultural influences, stable or increase across lifespan | crystallized intelligence |
| psychological theory: cognition and aging theory-cognitive abilities related to occupation, neuroplasticity | functional cognition |
| environmental theory: foundational theory-aging = adaptation to external environment and internal capacities | ecological model of aging |
| environmental theory: foundational theory-5 systems that affect functional performance at varying levels, social and cultural structures of environment | ecological systems theory |
| environmental theory: contemporary theory-supportive to needs and characteristics; example is moving to a nursing home | aging in the right place |
| environmental theory: contemporary theory-transactional process | place integration |
| environmental theory: contemporary theory-context influences occupational, emotional, and social factors | situational model of care |
| sociological theory: understand all psychological and social forces that impact a person's life; dynamic, contextual, and process-driven nature of aging, age-related transitions and life trajectories, social contexts, cultural meanings | life course perspective |
| sociological theory: interactions of people at different ages due to shifting roles, skills, and resources that go along with advancing age; assumptions-all factors of exchange bring resources, reciprocity expected | social exchange theory |
| sociological theory: economic and political factors; how are resources allocated; treatment of elderly-public policies, power, economic trends, autonomy and influence; constrains opportunities, choice, experiences | political economy of aging theory |
| focus o either humanistic or structural dimensions of aging, missing whole person approaches, greater focus on social determinants in future, positive models, strengths and diversity of aging | what is missing from current theory |
| basis is that people need to have basic needs met before they can engage | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
| helps to problem-solve, individualized and creative intervention, strategies for increasing engagement | understanding theory |
| relationship between environmental stimulation and a behavioral response | behavioral theory |
| part of behavioral theory: behavior modification process that increases or decreases likelihood of a behavior being performed | conditioning |
| part of behavioral theory: input that prompts a behavior | stimulus |
| part of behavioral theory: reaction to a stimuli | response |
| part of behavioral theory: strategies to develop closer approximation of a behavior | fading and shaping |
| part of behavioral theory: process for teaching multistep task | chaining |
| part of behavioral theory: adverse stimulus that causes a behavior to decrease | punishment |
| part of behavioral theory: stimulus that causes behavior to be strengthened and performed again | reinforcement |
| part of behavioral theory: process to reduce frequency of behavior by withholding reinforcement | extinction |
| approaches: classical conditioning, punishment, extinction, stimulus discrimination, positive and negative reinforcement; techniques: fading, chaining, shaping | behavioral theory |
| type of chaining: client does 1st step, you help with rest | forward |
| type of chaining: client does entire task with no help | total task training |
| type of chaining: you do everything except last step, client does that | backward |
| someone who has difficulty planning and organization, difficulty with memory and attention, sequencing, inappropriate social behaviors | who would benefit from behavioral theories |
| theory: major assumptions-people can learn by observing others, learning can occur without an observable change in behavior, cognition plays an important role in learning, people have control over their actions and environments | social cognitive theory |
| observation of skills and behaviors; can learn through observed reinforcement; conditions-pay attention to behavior, motor reproduction, learner must be motivated | modeling |
| belief that you can learn or complete a skill/behavior, influences persistence, influenced by past, others, and mental space | self - efficacy |
| major assumptions: learners must be active participants in learning, learners are capable of creating their own knowledge, learners dev ability to think critically to solve probs, activate participation in learning environment enhances cognitive skills | constructivist theory |
| theory that gives client ownership over their learning | constructivist theory |
| theory that believes we change our behavior/response because we want to do so; stages of Transtheoretical Model; motivational interviewing | motivational theory |
| stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination | Transtheoretical Model |
| figuring out where client is in stages and motivation to change | motivational interviewing |
| condition of individual's organ and body systems | biological age |
| individual's ability to adapt, solve problems, and cope with life events | psychological age |
| habits, beliefs, and attitudes | social age |
| stage of adulthood: ages 21-34, peak social and mental abilities, increased responsibilities, relationships | early adulthood |
| stage of adulthood: ages 40-65, good physical and mental health, changing relationships, work and caregiving responsibilities | middle adulthood |
| stage of adulthood: ages 65+, youngest old = 65-74, middle old = 75-84, oldest old = 85+ | older adults |
| lower income = more susceptibility to ____ ____ due to less access to care, less education, less able to buy healthy foods, and more stress | communicable diseases |
| which gender makes up majority of older adults in almost all countries and have a longer life expectancy | women |
| what type of attitude leads to greater QOL and better recovery, most important to coping with aging | positive attitude |
| what type of attitude leads to an increased and earlier onset of cardiovascular events | negative attitude |
| age-related stereotypes, devaluing of older adults; importance and life, have to actively combat bias | ageism |
| influences expectations and goals for aging, roles within their community and family | cultural factors |
| reflection of cultural values and attitudes, government programs to support older adults | public policy |
| non-medical factors that influence health; context-education, healthcare, health literacy, neighborhood/environment, economic stability, social and community context | social determinants of health |
| Social Security, asset income, public and private pensions, and earnings | sources of income |
| ability to find, understand, and use info and services to inform health-related decisions; education-8th grade reading level, handouts, access | health literacy |
| influence on occupational development: observation -> learn from one another -> teaching and scaffolding; cultural aspects are taught from experienced participants | interpersonal influences |
| influence on occupational development: performance and capabilities, practice = refinement, transformation of occupation, challenges lead to new ways of doing things | engagement is transformational |
| influence on occupational development: child rearing and adult work, physical activity, gender and age stereotypes | cultural influences |
| influence on occupational development: basic needs/survival -> hierarchy of needs, shared meaning, social values and beliefs shape norms, policies, and practices | societal influences |
| principles, standards, qualities considered worthwhile | values |
| accepted, considered to be true, held as an opinion | beliefs |
| deep experience of meaning; values and beliefs, reflection, and intention; dynamic and evolving | spirituality |
| physiological function of body systems and anatomical parts | body functions and structures |
| performance skills: how effectively a person moves self or interacts with objects, body positioning, obtaining and holding objects, moving self and objects, sustaining performance | motor skills |
| performance skills: how a person organizes objects, time, and space; sustaining performance; applying knowledge; organizing timing; organizing space and objects; adapting performance | process skills |
| performance skills: use of verbal and nonverbal skills to communicate, initiating and terminating social interaction, producing interaction, shaping content and maintaining flow of convo/interaction, physically supporting interaction, verbal support | social interaction skills |
| context: physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings; facilitators and barriers; natural and human made elements; products and tech; support and relationships; attitudes; services, systems, policies | environmental factors |
| context: customs, beliefs, activity patterns, behavioral patterns, expectations; mostly stable throughout time; not part of a health condition or state; demographic info | personal factors |
| performance pattern: specific and automatic; adaptive or maladaptive; OT's role-develop new and helpful habits, find alternatives to destructive habits | habits |
| performance pattern: establish sequences of occupations or activities; higher order habit; provide daily structure; can promote or damage health; OT's role-new ones in face of dysfunction or disability | routines |
| performance pattern: normative models of behavior; dynamic throughout life course; shaped by culture and context; can be associated with specific conditions; OT's role-construct or reconstruct, consider culture, meaning, and responsibilities | roles |
| performance pattern: have symbolism and meaning; include belonging and meaning; OT's role-recognize this from routine, create these to signify transitions, help to engage | rituals |
| type of transition: predictable-normal age-related changes in function and performance OR unpredictable-age-related illness or disability | health - related transitions |
| type of transition: predictable-anticipated environmental modifications to accommodate age-related health changes OR unpredictable-unexpected environmental changes due to onset of illness or disability | contextual / environmental transitions |
| type of transition: OT's role = QOL, physical health, mental health is unaddressed, occupational and social engagement, huge transitions seen as loss of independence, maintenance programs | institutionalization |
| type of transition: predictable-expected changes in type or pattern of occupations throughout life transitions OR unpredictable-change required to occupations due to unexpected changes in health or life roles | occupational transitions |
| OT's role in ____: prep clients and caregivers for transitions, communication, service needs and referrals, adaptations and environmental supports, maintain independence and autonomy as much as possible | transitions |
| state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just absence of disease | health |
| outcome of health promotion, individual's perception of responsibility for psychological and physical well-being as these contribute to overall satisfaction with its life situation | wellness |
| being content with one's life including physical, mental, and social aspects | well - being |
| education or health promotion efforts designed to id, reduce, or prevent onset and reduce incidence of health conditions, risk factors, diseases, or injuries | prevention |
| life satisfaction, hope, sense of self, health, function, and SES | quality of life |
| use of discipline-specific techniques to assist people in achieving their health-related goals while being mindful or underlying and secondary health conditions | health promotion |
| Ecology of Human Performance-using client-centered interventions to maximize pursuit of health and QOL | OT - directed health promotion |
| goals: improved health and well-being; improved QOL; increased/improved participation for individuals, families, and populations | health promotion and prevention |
| type of prevention: education or health promotion efforts to prevent onset of disease, illness, etc.; before client has diagnosis | primary prevention |
| type of prevention: screening, early detection, intervention | secondary prevention |
| type of prevention: preventing progression of condition | tertiary prevention |
| education access and quality, economic stability, social and community context, neighborhood and built environment, healthcare access and quality | social determinants of health |
| lack of access to engagement in meaningful occupation; results in poorer health outcomes and injustices; contributing factors-inequality, discrimination, limitations set on a group of people | occupational deprivation |
| intervene on client and community level through advocacy, consider health disparities when working with clients, education of health professionals, interdisciplinary work | OT's role in health promotion and prevention |
| P-predisposing, R-reinforcing, E-enabling, C-constructs in, E-education/environment, D-diagnosis, E-eval P-policy, R-regulatory, O-organizational, C-constructs in, E-education, E-environmental, D-development | Health Promotion Theory |
| part of Health Belief Model: belief about chances of getting a condition; ex. 20-year-old thinking something won't effect them | perceived susceptibility |
| part of Health Belief Model: seriousness of condition and consequences | perceived severity |
| part of Health Belief Model: effectiveness of taken action | perceived benefits |
| part of Health Belief Model: factors that activate readiness to change | cues to action |
| part of Health Belief Model: costs of taking action | perceived barriers |
| part of Health Belief Model: confidence in one's ability to take action | self - efficacy |
| population health, AOTA documents and position papers, health literacy, development of programs and interventions, to implement health promotion interventions/programs, OT's role in health promotion is evidence-based | health promotion and OT |
| part of occupational balance: rest matters, types of activity, where people live | patterns of occupation |
| amount of occupational balance: socioeconomic factors, pandemic, unemployment | too little occupation |
| amount of occupational balance: demanding/high stress jobs, education, roles at home | too much occupation |
| decreases ability to participate in some occupations; some occupations have increased risk of resulting disability; OT's role-enable participation, adaptations, universal design, legislative involvement and advocacy | disability |
| measure to describe impact of health status on QOL, multidimensional, includes positive and negative aspects | health - related QOL |
| difference between self-reported health and assessment of health by others; OT implications-respond to client's needs, what is valuable to them, what challenges do they perceive | disability paradox |
| promote healthy occupations and lifestyles for everyone, incorporate occupation as an essential element of health promotion strategies, provide occupation-based interventions with individuals, families, communities, and populations | OT roles in health promotion and prevention |
| ability to stay in your home as you age, preparing for the future | aging in place |
| workplace primary prevention services, social and emotional skills group, fall prevention programs, health literacy programs/education | community - based services |
| cognitive process: ability to focus on stimulation for purpose of processing info; requires effort and ability to "filter" | attention |
| type of attention: focus on single task while ignoring distractors | selective |
| type of attention: focus on a single task | sustained |
| type of attention: direct or switch between 2 or more tasks or activities, associated with age-related decline | alternating |
| type of attention: ability to allocate resources to 2 or more tasks or activities at same time, declines with age | divided |
| cognitive process: high level; includes reasoning, decision-making, problem-solving, judgement, abstract thought, cognitive flexibility, initiation, and inhibition; present in many everyday activities | executive functioning |
| cognitive process: abstract reasoning, flexibility, initiation, and completion; declines with age | fluid intelligence |
| cognitive process: accumulation of knowledge, experience, and acculturation (assimilation); highly individualized; facts, rules, verbal skills; increases throughout lifetime and maintained in old age | crystallized intelligence |
| cognitive process: reflect knowledge gained throughout life; social decision-making, emotional regulation, self-reflection, prosocial behaviors, acceptance of uncertainty; linked to well-being; acceptance of uncertainty, decisiveness, and spirituality | wisdom |
| cognitive process: processing that is unintentional and automatic, does not change with age | implicit processing |
| cognitive process: processing that requires awareness and effort, experiences change with age (decline) | explicit processing |
| cognitive process: ability to perform ADLs and IADLs, should be assessed in natural environment, use experience to compensate for any age-related change, certain activities become more difficult with age | functional cognition |
| type of memory: vestibular, visual, auditory, and tactile | sensory |
| type of memory: new info stored based on sensory inputs | short - term |
| type of memory: intentional use of strategies to manipulate, store, and maintain info | working memory |
| type of memory: non-verbal, little effort or conscious awareness (ex. routines) | procedural |
| type of memory: future or schedule tasks without aid | prospective |
| type of memory: knowledge of language | semantic |
| cognitive theory of aging: generalized slowing of processing | speed of processing |
| cognitive theory of aging: decreased auditory and visual quality | sensory deficit theory |
| cognitive theory of aging: deficits in working memory due to slowed processing, sensory processing, and decreased inhibition; cognitive stimulation -> fewer white mater lesions | working memory |
| cognitive theory of aging: changes in recollection, but no changes in familiarity | dual - process theory |
| cognitive theory of aging: brain weight and volume changes with age | structural change |
| neuropathology: acute changes in attention, awareness, cognition; causes-frailty, infections, prolonged illness, lab values, med reactions, alcohol withdrawal, surgery; OT works to reduce days of this in older adults | delirium |
| neuropathology: deficits-amnesia, attention, language, visuospatial, EF; transitional stage between healthy and dementia; intervention-exercise, client-centered activities, cognitive stim., socialization, client and family education | mild cognitive impairment |
| neuropathology: syndrome of cognitive impairment; affects ADL/IADL performance; reversible- caused by medical interventions OR irreversible-typical causes | dementia |
| neuropathology: most common type of dementia; mild-continue ADLs with min. assist OR severe-total assist with loss of communication and/or mobility | Alzheimer Disease |
| neuropathology: earlier onset than other types; short life expectancy; progressive dementia; symptoms-cognitive changes, neuropsych symptoms, sleep disorders, autonomic symptoms | dementia with Lewy bodies |
| neuropathology: 2nd most common form of dementia, more preventable, daily fluctuations, worsens over the day, insufficient supply of oxygenated blood, may have localized or focal symptoms | vascular dementia |
| neuropathology: hereditary; symptoms-behavior and personality changes, decreased motor function, language deficits | frontotemporal dementia |
| neuropathology: things get worse at a certain type of day | sundowning |
| neuropathology: cognition affects ADLs/IADLs participation; intervention-multidisciplinary approach, teach strategies, optimize environment, focus on ADLs/IADLs | stroke |
| neuropathology: most prevalent mental illness among older adults; related to transitions; cognitive, emotional, physical manifestations and complications | anxiety disorders |
| neuropathology: significant cognitive impairments, lifelong, many live in long-term care facilities, cognitive impairment and disruption of ADLs, many older adults also have dementia | schizophrenia |
| neuropathology: predictor of Alzheimer's; extensive cognitive difficulties; attention, inhibition, memory, processing, flexibility, executive functioning affected | bipolar disorders |
| neuropathology: risk factor for dementia; confusion, processing, EF | substance use disorders |
| neuropathology: cause is multifactorial; cognitive abilities-memory loss, concentration and attention, learning and EF; impact on function-decreased ADLs, decreased IADLs, social isolation, fatigue, memory loss, poor attention | depression |
| cog. stim.-reduce risk of dementia; physical activity-enhanced EF, processing, balance; socialization-decrease depression, increased sense of well-being, enable interaction; mental health-focus on ADLs and IADLs | OT intervention for cognition |
| cardiopulmonary age-related change: decrease in elastic tissue and increase in fibrous tissue, few changes to large ones, increased stiffness of medium and small ones | airways |
| cardiopulmonary age-related change: spongy alveolar tissue, interface to oxygenated blood, decreased elasticity | lung parenchyma |
| cardiopulmonary age-related change: diffusion of gas between alveolar air and pulmonary circulation, progressively declines with age | alveolar capillary membrane |
| cardiopulmonary disease: dyspnea on exertion, cough, wheezing, fatigue, lower blood-oxygen levels, increased respiration at rest, OT helps with activity modification and fatigue | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| cardiopulmonary disease: progressive scarring of lung tissue, breathing difficulties, insufficient oxygenation to bloodstream, dyspnea, non-productive cough, increased sputum | interstitial lung disease |
| cardiopulmonary disease: most commo cancer-related cause of death, cough, dyspnea, weight loss, chest pain, treatment and response to treatment different among everyone | lung cancer |
| cardiopulmonary disease: acute lung injury-pulmonary congestion, respiratory distress, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis, septicemia, shock, severe lung infection; medical emergency; pneumothorax | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| cardiopulmonary disease: infection of lungs, alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid | pneumonia |
| cardiopulmonary disease: bacterial infection, typically attacks lungs but can affect any part of body, 2 types-latent infection or disease, spread through air | tuberculosis |
| cardiopulmonary disease: excessive fluid on lungs; noncardio causes-pulmonary embolism, drug overdose, aspiration; associated with cardiovascular disease | pulmonary edema |
| cardiopulmonary disease: leading cause of death; accumulation of plaque in coronary aa.; symptoms-angina, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, depression and anxiety, irritability, decreased QOL | coronary artery disease |
| cardiopulmonary disease: inability of heart to provide profusion which is ventricular filling or reduced EF; results in edema of limbs | congestive heart failure |
| cardiopulmonary disease: myocardium enlargement and dysfunction of ventricle(s); acquired or hereditary; symptoms-dyspnea, lightheadedness, arrhythmias, chest pain, edema, fatigue | cardiomyopathy |
| cardiopulmonary disease: blockage of coronary aa. leads to damage or death of cardiac m.; non-ST elevation; ST-elevation; plaque rupture or clots; variable symptoms between men and women | myocardial infarction |
| cardiopulmonary disease: heart unexpectedly stops beating, can be fatal if not treated within minutes, ventricular fibrillation is most common cause | cardiac arrest |
| cardiopulmonary disease: chronically elevated BP | hypertension |
| cardiopulmonary disease: disruption in normal cardiac rhythm; types-tachycardia and bradycardia | arrhythmias |
| OT intervention-education, low level exercise, activity modification, energy conservation, breathing techniques | cardiopulmonary diseases |
| can take anywhere between 1.5 to 2 hours and includes clinical eval and behind-the-wheel assessment | driver evals |
| possible diagnoses referred-Alzheimer's disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, CVA, MVA, Parkinson's disease, seizures | driver evals |
| part of driver eval: completed on Optec; tests for visual acuity, peripheral vision, depth perception, contrast sensitivity, color id, visual attention, and road sign recognition | vision assessment |
| part of driver eval: examples are Short Blessed Test, Trail Making Part A, Trail Making Part B, Snellgove Maze Test, Clock Drawing Test | cognitive assessments |
| part of driver eval: discuss results and recommendations with patient and family members; recommendations-continue driving, continue not to dive and return for re-eval another time, stop driving, continued driving with restrictions and/or equipment | outcomes |
| (high/low tech): may include use of adaptive driving aids such as seat cushions or additional mirrors; AE for primary control is typically mechanical/electrical; services may include transport planning, cessation planning, and othe recommendations | low tech |
| (high/low tech): provider can alter positioning of primary or secondary controls based on patient's need or ability level; includes devices that are capable of controlling driving controls or have a computerized system | high tech |
| category of social relationship: network size, marital status, frequency, living arrangement | structural |
| category of social relationship: social support, isolation, loneliness, inclusiveness, quality | functional and qualitative |
| type of social relationship: broad range of relationships | diverse social networks |
| type of social relationship: friends and neighbors, fewer interactions with family | friend - focused |
| type of social relationship: social life arranged around family | family - focused |
| type of social relationship: limited engagement of any kind | restricted |
| type of social support: advice, problem-solving | informational and appraisal |
| objective lack of social connection | isolation |
| subjective experience of isolation | loneliness |
| loss of nonsexual, affectionate touch; increased loneliness | touch deprivation |
| social construct; male, female, or nonbinary | gender |
| relationship roles and experiences | gender id |
| biological status assigned at birth based on anatomy | sex |
| gender id and sex assigned at birth are same | cisgender |
| gender id/expression different from cultural expectation of sex at birth | transgender |
| can be used by people who do not describe self as fitting into a category | nonbinary / gender nonconforming / gender diverse |
| describes people with differences in reproductive anatomy | intersex |
| sex assigned to infant based on anatomy | assigned female / male at birth |
| affirming gender id and holistically meet needs of clients; client-centered; focus on person, environment, and occupations; as OTs we provide this every day through grooming tasks, dressing tasks, and IADLs and leisure | gender affirming care |
| recognition and reconciliation of biases, consider providing resources or transitioning services, continue to learn and reconcile, ongoing process | cultural humility |
| greatest reason for cognitive and physical impairment in older adults, increased difficulty with sexual expression | atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| has benefits for sexual function and libido, long-term use may increase risk of illness and cognitive disorders | hormone replacement therapy |
| which gender experiences more sexual dysfunction due to meds | women |
| permission-affirm to clients that their sexual health concerns are appropriate; limited info-clients will be curious about how injury affects sexuality; specific suggestions-tailed to client; intensive therapy-need advanced training or refer to an expert | PLISSIT model |
| age-related change to...: "dry eye", loss of subcutaneous fat and decreased tissue elasticity and tone, levator palpebrae superioris m. becomes weak | support structures of eye |
| age-related change to...: cornea thickens/flattens/becomes less smooth; reduced corneal transparency; sclera, pupil, and iris undergo degenerative changes | eye |
| age-related change to...: degeneration along optic pathway or in areas of cortex responsible for processing visual info; changes in macula | visual pathway |
| visual condition: clouding of lens; usually occurs in both eyes; symptoms-decreased acuity, hazy or blurred vision, altered color perception, sensitivity to glare, difficulty with low contrast, image distortion; treatable | cataracts |
| visual condition: progressive optic n. damage from increased pressure in eye; results in blindness; primary-slow onset, may cause permanent damage before person notices; angle-closure - pain, blurry vision, acute, medical emergency | glaucoma |
| visual condition: retinal atrophy and scaring, hemorrhages in macula; results in gradual loss of central vision; very common; deficits-fine detail vision, reading, writing, face recognition, distance, depth, color, contrast | macular degeneration |
| type of macular degeneration: yellow deposits of extracellular material in macula, most common type, retinal atrophy leads to vision loss | dry AMD |
| type of macular degeneration: progresses more rapidly, proliferation of abnormal blood cells that leak blood and fluid into macula | wet AMD |
| visual condition: progressive, related to DM; correlated with level and duration of elevated blood sugar; nonproliferative stage-capillaries leak, over time, retinal edema; proliferative stage-bleeding into eye, formation of blind spots | diabetic retinopathy |
| visual condition: loss of vision that is not correctable, some remains; affects-central vision, reading vision, peripheral, upper, and lower VFs, color vision, ability to adjust to light, contrast, and glare | low vision |
| OT's role: education, environmental mods/support, use of devices/tech, adaptive techniques, compensation strategies, psychosocial support, community resources | vision disorders |
| pain in older adults is (under/over)reported | under |
| common pain diagnosis: no known cause or cure; increased risk for older adults; diffuse pain; OT's role-activity modification, energy conservation, AE, and techniques | fibromyalgia |
| common pain diagnosis: most common complication of diabetes; peripheral neuropathy affects extremities (LEs more often), burning, pain, numbness | diabetic neuropathy |
| auditory disorder: age-related progressive loss of hearing | presbycusis |
| auditory disorder: most common cause; loss or damage to structures of inner ear, not correctable -> compensation | sensorineural hearing loss |
| OT implications-social complications; speech perception and discrimination | auditory disorders |
| OT implications-decrease in taste discrimination, lack of warning to noxious smells, lack of taste for noxious foods, decreased appetite | smell and taste |
| OT implications-decreased balance and safety, increased fall risk, adaptations to LE dressing to accommodate for age-related balance changes | proprioception and vestibular |
| OT implications-functional mobility, occupational performance, occupational engagement | physical fitness and aging |
| type of arthritis: caused by wear and tear; inflammation of joint; results in swelling, pain, and stiffness | osteoarthritis |
| type of arthritis: often affects joints of hand and feet, inflammatory disease involving lining of joint (synovium), tends to occur equally on both sides of body, chronic | rheumatoid arthritis |
| MSK change: compromised bone strength; low bone mass; increased fall risk and injury; OT's role-exercise, balance, fall prevention, body mechanics for ADLs | osteoporosis |
| MSK change: more common in older osteoporotic patients; causes pain; limit ADL participation; decreased QOL; OT's role-bracing, pain control, therapy | compression fractures |
| leading cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries of those 65+; underreported; fear common; risk factors-gait, balance, strength, cognition, environmental hazards | falls |
| OT implications-functional mobility, self cares, balance, living situations, work status, emotional and cognitive changes | amputation |
| MSK disorder: autoimmune disorder; demyelination of nn. in brain and spinal cord; types - relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, clinically isolated syndrome; impact-affects QOL, decreased ADL/IADL function, mobility | multiple sclerosis |
| MSK disorder: chronic, progressive, neurogenerative disorder; lack of dopamine reaching brain; symptoms-rigidity, resting tremor, festinating gait, bradykinesia/dyskinesia, freezing | Parkinson's Disease |
| stages: 1-unilat. symptoms, resting tremor; 2-midline or bilat. symptoms, tremor and rigidity; 3-loss of balance, mild to moderate disability; 4-use of AE, needs assist with ADLs; 5-limited mobility, dependent or max assist | Parkinson's Disease |
| MSK disorder: all brain and spinal cord injury with vascular origins; ischemic vs hemorrhagic; can be vascular | stroke |
| OT implications-decreased ADL function, decreased motor function, cognitive impairment, visual impairment, speech and language deficits | stroke |
| client autonomy, medical mismanagement, end-of-life care issues, abuse, neglect, discrimination, clinical decision-making conflicts, financial matters and ethical practice | ethical issues with older adults |
| participate in decision-making, dignity, privacy, respect, associate freely, visit privately, receive mail, freedom from abuse, manage finances, express grievances and make recommendations, voice complaints, participate in resident council associations | elder rights |
| actions causing physical, mental, emotional, or financial harm or neglect to an older adult; higher instances in institutions or LTC facilities; most often family members and close relatives | elder abuse |
| types: abandonment, emotional, exploitation, financial, neglect, physical, sexual | elder abuse |
| signs: depression, confusion, withdrawn, feeling isolated, unexplained bruises and burns, looks disheveled/unkempt, new bed sores, change in banking/spending | elder abuse |
| OT's role: identifying at-risk clients and patients; address caregiver burnout; it is your responsibility to report suspected abuse | elder abuse |
| outlines individual's wishes in instance of a significant health event, who makes decisions, specific treatment decisions; appointment of healthcare agent; advanced care planning | advanced directive |
| CPR, DNR, mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition and hydration, pain management, palliative sedation, palliative care, hospice care | end of life treatments |
| type of artificial nutrition and hydration: placed in v. under patient's skin, provides fluid | intravenous catheter |
| type of artificial nutrition and hydration: inserted into stomach through nose, can remain in place up to 4 weeks, long-term, must be replaced by PEG tube | nasogastric tube |
| end of life treatment: for people with long-term or chronic conditions that are "life-limiting", team approach, focus on QOL and comfort, environmental and personal factors, care team | palliative care |
| end of life treatment: subset of palliative care, compassionate and humane care for dying person, home vs. institutional setting, teams of professionals and volunteers | hospice care |
| application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, the change and manipulation of the human environment; multiple types | technology |
| type of technology: adaptive equipment; ex. sock aid, shoe horn, button hook, weighted utensils, reacher | assistive technology |
| type of technology: medium for therapy; ex. equipment, exercise deices, standing blocks, Dynavision, Bioness Integrated Therapy System (BITS), gaming systems | therapeutic technology |
| type of technology: fixed environmental tech, put in place to make things accessible; ex. ramps, levered door handles, grab bars, door openers | environmental technology |
| type of technology: objects used in our occupations; ex. computer, phone, toothbrush, comb | occupation - related technology |
| an environment in which communication occurs by means of airwaves and/or digital presence in absence of physical contact; multiple types | virtual environments |
| type of virtual environment: used in conjunction with standardized driving assessments; used in place of or prior to on-the-road assessments; used for assessment, rehab, or driver's education | driving simulator |
| type of virtual environment: immersive and interactive environment; controlled setting for intervention; focus on skills such as occupations, motor, cognition, social, balance, coordination | virtual reality headset |
| type of virtual environment: single record in medical history in 1 location | electronic medical record |
| type of virtual environment: comprehensive record of health that is shareable | electronic health record |
| is telehealth a method of delivery or the service? | method of delivery |
| types: synchronous, asynchronous, remote-patient monitoring, mental health | telehealth |
| requirements: HIPAA compliant system, competency, telepresence | telehealth |
| benefits: increased access, cost effective, quality, patient demand, tech issues, user perception, evidence-based, reimbursement | telehealth |
| one of the 1st areas to deteriorate in self-care | home management |
| examples are medication management, appointments, physical activity, adequate nutrition, mental health maintenance, adequate sleep | health management |
| this habit promotes health and wellness; is related to chronic health conditions; enables participation in ADLs/IADLs, leisure, and social activities | sleep |
| conditions that disrupt ____: depression and anxiety, dementia/Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, respiratory conditions, physical disability, heart disease, diabetes, chronic pain | sleep |
| OT's role: lifestyle redesign, self-management programs, med. management, education, physical activity and fall prevention, nutrition management, environmental modifications | sleep |
| free time spent on nonobligatory activities, requires intrinsic motivation to participate, personal or communal, givers purpose and decreases loneliness | leisure |
| OT's role: maintain desired employment, assist with transitions, engagement in volunteer and leisure | work and retirement |
Created by:
emma.scarmon-coyotes
Popular Occupational Therapy sets