Psychology Chapter 9
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| classical conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
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| neutral stimulus | A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response.
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| unconditioned stimulus | An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training.
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| unconditioned response | An organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus.
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| conditioned stimulus | A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
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| conditioned response (CR) | The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
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| generalization | Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli.
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| discrimination | The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.
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| extinction | The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
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| operant conditioning | Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence.
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| reinforcement | Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
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| secondary reinforcer | Stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer.
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| primary reinforcer | Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water.
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| Shaping | Technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.
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| response chain | Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next.
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| aversive control | Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli.
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| negative reinforcement | Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs.
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| escape conditioning | Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus.
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| avoidance conditioning | Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus
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| social learning | Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
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| Cognitive learning | Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation.
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| cognitive map | A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events.
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| latent learning | Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior.
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| learned helplessness | Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable.
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| modeling | Learning by imitating others; copying behavior.
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| token economy | Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards.
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