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Psychology Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classical conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. |
| neutral stimulus | A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response. |
| unconditioned stimulus | An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training. |
| unconditioned response | An organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus. |
| conditioned stimulus | A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| conditioned response (CR) | The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. |
| generalization | Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli. |
| discrimination | The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. |
| extinction | The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| operant conditioning | Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence. |
| reinforcement | Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. |
| secondary reinforcer | Stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer. |
| primary reinforcer | Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water. |
| Shaping | Technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward. |
| response chain | Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next. |
| aversive control | Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli. |
| negative reinforcement | Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. |
| escape conditioning | Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus. |
| avoidance conditioning | Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
| social learning | Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others. |
| Cognitive learning | Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation. |
| cognitive map | A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events. |
| latent learning | Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior. |
| learned helplessness | Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. |
| modeling | Learning by imitating others; copying behavior. |
| token economy | Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards. |
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