BIO 201 Exam Three
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| What Composes the Central Nervous System? | Brain and Spine
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| What Composes a Neuron? | Soma, Cell Body, Dendrites, and Axon
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| The ___ of a Neuron is responsible for the ___ of sensory information. | Axon/Output, Dendrites/input
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| The ___ form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system and the ____ for myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system | Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
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| Nodes of a Ranvier are.... | Interrupt the myelin sheaths of the PNS axons
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| The presence of a myelin sheath on the axon of a neuron is... | allows nerve impulses to be conducted faster than unmyelinated neurons
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| Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are called ____ and called ____ in the PNS | Nucleus and Ganglion
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| A ___ is a bundle of neuronal axons in the CNS; and ____ is a bundle of Neuronal axons in the PNS | Tract, Nerve
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| The ____ is composed mainly of myelinated axons and the ____ is composed of cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia | White matter, gray matter
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| The Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system carry impulses to: | Skeletal Muscle
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| The ___ found in white matter gives the white appearance | Myelin
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| The parasympathetic nervous system is... | A division of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for "rest and digestion"
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| the sympathetic nervous system is... | a division of the autonomic nervous system, is responsible for the fight or flight response, is not concerned with conservation of energy
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| Leakage Channels | Open and Close randomly
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| Ligand-Gated Channels | Respond to a specific chemical stimulus
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| Mechanically Gated Channels | Respond to vibrations, touch, stretching
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| Voltage Gated Channel | Respond to a change in membrane potential
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| What's true regarding the resting membrane potential of a neuron | Partially maintained by the Na/K pump, Partially maintained by anions that cannot diffuse out of the cell, is polarized at rest, is usually around -70mV
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| which channel would be found in the post-synaptic neuron at a chemical synapse? | Ligand Gated
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| What is true regarding Graded Potentials? | Only propagate short distances
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| Action Potential Exhibit which traits? | are all or nothing event
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| A ___ occurs once a neuron is depolarized at or above the threshold level | an Action potential occurs
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| What are the events involving action potentials? | Sufficient graded potential depolarized the cell to threshold, action potential occurs, Na+ voltage gates become activated allowing Na+ into cell, Influx of Na+ ions into the axon depolarizing the cell to +30mV, K+ voltage gates open and Na+ voltage gates
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| A Refractory Period is... | a period of time in which a new action potential CAN NOT be initiated by a threshold stimulus
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| An ___ causes re-polarization in the post-synaptic neuron | Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
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| Spatial summation involves strengthening graded potentials through | Many presynaptic neurons firing simultaneously
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| Substance P | Neuropeptide
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| The __________ division of the ANS is also referred to as the fight or flight division. | sympathetic
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| Which of the following is not part of a somatic reflex? | gland
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| The ___ receptors initiate the stretch reflex | Muscle Spindles
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| During a crossed extensor reflex, the ___ muscles of the ipsilateral limb contract while the ___ muscles of the contralateral limb contract | Flexor, extensor
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| The activity of the parasympathetic division tends to... | conserve energy
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| The intergrating center of an autonomic reflex is usually in the... | hypothalamus
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| Pain receptors are found... | everywhere but the brain
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| ______ memory allows us to recall experiences as they are occurring. | immediate
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| The suprachiasmatic nucleus... | establishes circadian rythym
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| Most dreaming occurs in... | REM sleep
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| Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory... | consolidation
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| Storage of acquired knowledge for later recall... | Memory
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| Rest-and-digest division of the ANS | parasympathetic
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| Receptors that provide information about body position | proprioceptors
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| Receptors that are sensitive to painful stimuli | nociceptors
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| Only type of neuron found in the parasympathetic division | cholinergic
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| Neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter norepinephrine | adrenergic
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| Crossing of nerve impulses from one side to the other | decussation
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| Conscious awareness of sensations | perception
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| Cholinergic receptors are classified as either muscarinic or ____ | nicotinic
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| Pain that is felt at a site remote from its place of origin is called _______ pain. | referred
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| _____-order sensory neurons conduct impulses from the site of the stimulus to the central nervous system | First
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| The acquisition of skills or knowledge through experience, instruction, or both is called _______ | learning
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| _____ receptors are classified generally as alpha or beta. | Adrenergic
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| Four events that occur in a typical sensation process... | sensation felt by a receptor, transduction into a nerve impulse, generation of impulse, integration in cerebral cortex
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| Retrograde amnesia | occurs when a person has no memory of life events before an accident
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| Anterograde amnesia | occurs when a person cannot create new memories after an accident
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| Fast pain | felt in 0.1 seconds, example: needle prick or knife cut
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| Slow pain | lingering pain, can be described as chronic, throbbing, burning, etc. example: stubbing your toe.
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| Damage to the occipital lobe of the cerebral would affect perception of which sense? | Vision
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| Cranial Nerves perform what function? | Carry Impulses between the brain to the head, neck, torso
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| The Major anatomical differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is? | Autonomic motor pathways involve two neurons in series
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| The effector of a visceral reflex.. | May be an endocrine gland, could be smooth muscle in a blood vessel, does not operate under voluntary control
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| Sprinting | Sympathetic
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| Restore Energy | Parasympathetic
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| Sleeping | Parasympathetic
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| Visceral Organs | Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
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| Watching TV | Parasympathetic
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| Fear | Sympathetic
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| Digestion | Parasympathetic
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| Increase Respiration | Sympathetic
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| Increase Heart Rate | Sympathetic
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| Decrease Heart Rate | Parasympathetic
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| If the telencephalon were removed from a 5-week-old embryo, what would fail to develop in the fetus? | cerebral hemispheres
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| The blood-CSF barrier is formed by... | ependymal cells
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| The medulla oblongata contains nuclei related to... | vital body functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
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| The central location of the _____ allows it to function very efficiently as the major relay station for motor and sensory impulses to and from the cerebral cortex. | thalamus
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| Going to the Restroom | Parasympathetic
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| Increase Metabolic Activity | Sympathetic
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| All neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete the neurotransmitter ___ which binds to a ___ receptor | Acetylcholine, Cholinergic
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| The Autonomic Nervous System utilizes a ___ and ____ neurons | Cholinergic and Adrenergic
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| Cholinergic receptors can be broken into what two divisions? | Muscarininc, and Nicotinic
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| Skeletal muscle movement, while initiated in the cerebrum, is smoothed and coordinated by the... | cerebellum
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| The meninges are... | layers of the connective tissue that surround the central nervous system
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| The dura mater is... | the most superficial of the meninges.
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| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through cavities in the brain called... | ventricles
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| Band of white matter that connects cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum
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| Center of intelligence, imagination, perception | cerebrum
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| Folds in the surface of the cerebrum | gyri
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| Grooves in the surface of the cerebrum | sulci
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| Secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm regulation | pons
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| Smoothes and coordinates voluntary muscle movement | cerebellum
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| Structure where cerebrospinal fluid is produced | Choroid plexus
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| The sense of smell | olfaction
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| The sense of taste | gustation
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| Tree-shaped white matter in the cerebellum | arbor vitae
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| Adrenergic Receptors can be broken into what two divisions? | Alpha and Beta
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| Sympathetic Neuron types | Adrenergic, and Cholinergic
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| Sympathetic Neurotransmitter (Pre/Post) | Pre: Acetylcholine Post: Norepinephrine
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| Sympathetic Receptor Type | Nicotinic (Muscarinic) (Cholinergic) Adrenergic (Alpha and Beta)
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| Parasympathetic Neuron Type | Cholinergic
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| Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter (Pre/Post) | Acetylcholine
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| Parasympathetic Receptor type | Cholinergic
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| Nicotinic Receptors bind to what neurotransmitter? | Acetylcholine
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| The _____ is the major ANS and endrocrine control center in the brain. | hypothalamus
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| _________ tracts conduct impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. | Commisural
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| The primary visual area of the cerebral cortex is located in the ______ lobe. | occipital
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| A record of the brain's neural activity patterns is called a(n) ________. | electroencephalograph
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| The _______ system is a ring of structures surrounding the corpus callosum that is involved in emotional responses. | limbic
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| Which of the special senses is most closely associated with emotion? Why? | Smell, because of its association with the limbic system where emotional responses are derived from.
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| What is the function of the blood barrier? | Regulate which substances in blood are able to enter the cranial cavity.
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| What forms the blood-brain barrier? | Astrocytes/tight junctions
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| Cranial nerve II | optic nerve, sends sensory info from eyes to brain where translated to vision
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| True or False: All somatic reflex arcs require the spinal cord and the brain for integration | False
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| True or False: The autonomic nervous system is not affected by emotion | False
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| a sleeping person can be characterized by... | High parasympathetic and Low sympathetic
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| The Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are... | Usually adrenergic unless innervating a sweat gland cell
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| The Medulla Oblongata contains ___ which allow for: | Nuclei, vital functions like breathing and heartbreak
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| If a neuron has been hyper-polarized, it will be... | Less likely to generate an action potential
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| The superior colliculli of the ___ allows for ___ | Midbrain, tracking movement of the eyes
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| The tree-shaped area composed of white matter in the cerebellum is called? | Arbor Vitae
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| The central location of the ___ allows it to function as the major relay station for motor and sensory impulses to and from the cerebral cortex | Thalamus
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| The ___ is associated with smooth and coordinated skeletal muscle movement, and allows Dr. Friedman to walk so smoothly | Cerebellum
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| The integration center for visceral reflexes | Hypothalamus
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| The Longitudinal Fissure | Separates the cerebrum into left and right halves
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| The major autonomic control center within the CNS is the | Hypothalamus
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| What is associated with producing the Blood Brain Barrier... | Tight Junctions that join the epithelial cells of the brain capillaries
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| The ___ connects the cerebral hemispheres and is made up of white matter | Corpus Callosum
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| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord
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| Three parts of typical neuron | axon, dendrite, cell body
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| What neuroglia form myelin sheaths in the PNS? | Schwann cells
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| White matter appears white due to the presence of... | myelin
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| The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for... | rest and digest activity
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| Graded potentials.... | can occur in the dendrites of neurons, may vary in strength, can spread very rapidly, only propogate over short distances.
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| Axons in spinal nerves are arranged into bundles called... | fascicles.
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| Bundle of axons in central nervous system. | Tract
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| Connective tissue sheath that surrounds an entire nerve. | Epineurium
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| Glial cells that act as phagocytes. | Microglia
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| Junction between a neuron and its target cell. | Synapse
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| Layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord. | meninges
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| Neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS | Afferent
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| Region of an axon surrounded by a Schwann cell | internode
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| Region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve | dermatome
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| Substance stored in synaptic vesicles | neurotransmitter
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| In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called... | oligodendrocytes
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| Neurons that convey information away from the CNS are called motor, or ______ neurons. | Efferent
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| The ______ roots of spinal nerves contain the axons of sensory neurons. | dorsal
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| What is saltatory conduction? | occurs when a nerve impulse travels along an axon jumping from node to node
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| Where does saltatory conduction occur? | axons surrounded by myelin
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| What is the advantage of saltatory conduction? | it occurs fast
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| What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron? | -70mV
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| One factor that maintains the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron. | The gradient is maintained between the anions inside of cells and cations outside.
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| ____ circulates through cavities in the brain called | Cerebral spinal fluid, Ventricles
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| The filtration of blood plasma into the choroid plexus is involved in production of | Cerebral Spinal Fluid
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| The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is immediately anterior to the ___ | Central Sulcus
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| The Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, posterior to the central sulcus is the | None of the Above
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| Action potentials | are all or none events
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| Spinal nerves exit the spinal column through | intervertebral foramina
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| the intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus? | none of them
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| Cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system | ganglion
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