BIO 201 Exam Three Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
What Composes the Central Nervous System?	Brain and Spine
What Composes a Neuron?	Soma, Cell Body, Dendrites, and Axon
The ___ of a Neuron is responsible for the ___ of sensory information.	Axon/Output, Dendrites/input
The ___ form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system and the ____ for myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system	Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
Nodes of a Ranvier are....	Interrupt the myelin sheaths of the PNS axons
The presence of a myelin sheath on the axon of a neuron is...	allows nerve impulses to be conducted faster than unmyelinated neurons
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are called ____ and called ____ in the PNS	Nucleus and Ganglion
A ___ is a bundle of neuronal axons in the CNS; and ____ is a bundle of Neuronal axons in the PNS	Tract, Nerve
The ____ is composed mainly of myelinated axons and the ____ is composed of cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia	White matter, gray matter
The Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system carry impulses to:	Skeletal Muscle
The ___ found in white matter gives the white appearance	Myelin
The parasympathetic nervous system is...	A division of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for "rest and digestion"
the sympathetic nervous system is...	a division of the autonomic nervous system, is responsible for the fight or flight response, is not concerned with conservation of energy
Leakage Channels	Open and Close randomly
Ligand-Gated Channels	Respond to a specific chemical stimulus
Mechanically Gated Channels	Respond to vibrations, touch, stretching
Voltage Gated Channel	Respond to a change in membrane potential
What's true regarding the resting membrane potential of a neuron	Partially maintained by the Na/K pump, Partially maintained by anions that cannot diffuse out of the cell, is polarized at rest, is usually around -70mV
which channel would be found in the post-synaptic neuron at a chemical synapse?	Ligand Gated
What is true regarding Graded Potentials?	Only propagate short distances
Action Potential Exhibit which traits?	are all or nothing event
A ___ occurs once a neuron is depolarized at or above the threshold level	an Action potential occurs
What are the events involving action potentials?	Sufficient graded potential depolarized the cell to threshold, action potential occurs, Na+ voltage gates become activated allowing Na+ into cell, Influx of Na+ ions into the axon depolarizing the cell to +30mV, K+ voltage gates open and Na+ voltage gates
A Refractory Period is...	a period of time in which a new action potential CAN NOT be initiated by a threshold stimulus
An ___ causes re-polarization in the post-synaptic neuron	Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
Spatial summation involves strengthening graded potentials through	Many presynaptic neurons firing simultaneously
Substance P	Neuropeptide
The __________ division of the ANS is also referred to as the fight or flight division.	sympathetic
Which of the following is not part of a somatic reflex?	gland
The ___ receptors initiate the stretch reflex	Muscle Spindles
During a crossed extensor reflex, the ___ muscles of the ipsilateral limb contract while the ___ muscles of the contralateral limb contract	Flexor, extensor
The activity of the parasympathetic division tends to...	conserve energy
The intergrating center of an autonomic reflex is usually in the...	hypothalamus
Pain receptors are found...	everywhere but the brain
______ memory allows us to recall experiences as they are occurring.	immediate
The suprachiasmatic nucleus...	establishes circadian rythym
Most dreaming occurs in...	REM sleep
Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory...	consolidation
Storage of acquired knowledge for later recall...	Memory
Rest-and-digest division of the ANS	parasympathetic
Receptors that provide information about body position	proprioceptors
Receptors that are sensitive to painful stimuli	nociceptors
Only type of neuron found in the parasympathetic division	cholinergic
Neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter norepinephrine	adrenergic
Crossing of nerve impulses from one side to the other	decussation
Conscious awareness of sensations	perception
Cholinergic receptors are classified as either muscarinic or ____	nicotinic
Pain that is felt at a site remote from its place of origin is called _______ pain.	referred
_____-order sensory neurons conduct impulses from the site of the stimulus to the central nervous system	First
The acquisition of skills or knowledge through experience, instruction, or both is called _______	learning
_____ receptors are classified generally as alpha or beta.	Adrenergic
Four events that occur in a typical sensation process...	sensation felt by a receptor, transduction into a nerve impulse, generation of impulse, integration in cerebral cortex
Retrograde amnesia	occurs when a person has no memory of life events before an accident
Anterograde amnesia	occurs when a person cannot create new memories after an accident
Fast pain	felt in 0.1 seconds, example: needle prick or knife cut
Slow pain	lingering pain, can be described as chronic, throbbing, burning, etc. example: stubbing your toe.
Damage to the occipital lobe of the cerebral would affect perception of which sense?	Vision
Cranial Nerves perform what function?	Carry Impulses between the brain to the head, neck, torso
The Major anatomical differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is?	Autonomic motor pathways involve two neurons in series
The effector of a visceral reflex..	May be an endocrine gland, could be smooth muscle in a blood vessel, does not operate under voluntary control
Sprinting	Sympathetic
Restore Energy	Parasympathetic
Sleeping	Parasympathetic
Visceral Organs	Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Watching TV	Parasympathetic
Fear	Sympathetic
Digestion	Parasympathetic
Increase Respiration	Sympathetic
Increase Heart Rate	Sympathetic
Decrease Heart Rate	Parasympathetic
If the telencephalon were removed from a 5-week-old embryo, what would fail to develop in the fetus?	cerebral hemispheres
The blood-CSF barrier is formed by...	ependymal cells
The medulla oblongata contains nuclei related to...	vital body functions such as breathing and heartbeat.
The central location of the _____ allows it to function very efficiently as the major relay station for motor and sensory impulses to and from the cerebral cortex.	thalamus
Going to the Restroom	Parasympathetic
Increase Metabolic Activity	Sympathetic
All neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete the neurotransmitter ___ which binds to a ___ receptor	Acetylcholine, Cholinergic
The Autonomic Nervous System utilizes a ___ and ____ neurons	Cholinergic and Adrenergic
Cholinergic receptors can be broken into what two divisions?	Muscarininc, and Nicotinic
Skeletal muscle movement, while initiated in the cerebrum, is smoothed and coordinated by the...	cerebellum
The meninges are...	layers of the connective tissue that surround the central nervous system
The dura mater is...	the most superficial of the meninges.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through cavities in the brain called...	ventricles
Band of white matter that connects cerebral hemispheres	corpus callosum
Center of intelligence, imagination, perception	cerebrum
Folds in the surface of the cerebrum	gyri
Grooves in the surface of the cerebrum	sulci
Secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm regulation	pons
Smoothes and coordinates voluntary muscle movement	cerebellum
Structure where cerebrospinal fluid is produced	Choroid plexus
The sense of smell	olfaction
The sense of taste	gustation
Tree-shaped white matter in the cerebellum	arbor vitae
Adrenergic Receptors can be broken into what two divisions?	Alpha and Beta
Sympathetic Neuron types	Adrenergic, and Cholinergic
Sympathetic Neurotransmitter (Pre/Post)	Pre: Acetylcholine Post: Norepinephrine
Sympathetic Receptor Type	Nicotinic (Muscarinic) (Cholinergic) Adrenergic (Alpha and Beta)
Parasympathetic Neuron Type	Cholinergic
Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter (Pre/Post)	Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic Receptor type	Cholinergic
Nicotinic Receptors bind to what neurotransmitter?	Acetylcholine
The _____ is the major ANS and endrocrine control center in the brain.	hypothalamus
_________ tracts conduct impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere.	Commisural
The primary visual area of the cerebral cortex is located in the ______ lobe.	occipital
A record of the brain's neural activity patterns is called a(n) ________.	electroencephalograph
The _______ system is a ring of structures surrounding the corpus callosum that is involved in emotional responses.	limbic
Which of the special senses is most closely associated with emotion? Why?	Smell, because of its association with the limbic system where emotional responses are derived from.
What is the function of the blood barrier?	Regulate which substances in blood are able to enter the cranial cavity.
What forms the blood-brain barrier?	Astrocytes/tight junctions
Cranial nerve II	optic nerve, sends sensory info from eyes to brain where translated to vision
True or False: All somatic reflex arcs require the spinal cord and the brain for integration	False
True or False: The autonomic nervous system is not affected by emotion	False
a sleeping person can be characterized by...	High parasympathetic and Low sympathetic
The Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are...	Usually adrenergic unless innervating a sweat gland cell
The Medulla Oblongata contains ___ which allow for:	Nuclei, vital functions like breathing and heartbreak
If a neuron has been hyper-polarized, it will be...	Less likely to generate an action potential
The superior colliculli of the ___ allows for ___	Midbrain, tracking movement of the eyes
The tree-shaped area composed of white matter in the cerebellum is called?	Arbor Vitae
The central location of the ___ allows it to function as the major relay station for motor and sensory impulses to and from the cerebral cortex	Thalamus
The ___ is associated with smooth and coordinated skeletal muscle movement, and allows Dr. Friedman to walk so smoothly	Cerebellum
The integration center for visceral reflexes	Hypothalamus
The Longitudinal Fissure	Separates the cerebrum into left and right halves
The major autonomic control center within the CNS is the	Hypothalamus
What is associated with producing the Blood Brain Barrier...	Tight Junctions that join the epithelial cells of the brain capillaries
The ___ connects the cerebral hemispheres and is made up of white matter	Corpus Callosum
Central nervous system	Brain and spinal cord
Three parts of typical neuron	axon, dendrite, cell body
What neuroglia form myelin sheaths in the PNS?	Schwann cells
White matter appears white due to the presence of...	myelin
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for...	rest and digest activity
Graded potentials....	can occur in the dendrites of neurons, may vary in strength, can spread very rapidly, only propogate over short distances.
Axons in spinal nerves are arranged into bundles called...	fascicles.
Bundle of axons in central nervous system.	Tract
Connective tissue sheath that surrounds an entire nerve.	Epineurium
Glial cells that act as phagocytes.	Microglia
Junction between a neuron and its target cell.	Synapse
Layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord.	meninges
Neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS	Afferent
Region of an axon surrounded by a Schwann cell	internode
Region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve	dermatome
Substance stored in synaptic vesicles	neurotransmitter
In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called...	oligodendrocytes
Neurons that convey information away from the CNS are called motor, or ______ neurons.	Efferent
The ______ roots of spinal nerves contain the axons of sensory neurons.	dorsal
What is saltatory conduction?	occurs when a nerve impulse travels along an axon jumping from node to node
Where does saltatory conduction occur?	axons surrounded by myelin
What is the advantage of saltatory conduction?	it occurs fast
What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron?	-70mV
One factor that maintains the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron.	The gradient is maintained between the anions inside of cells and cations outside.
____ circulates through cavities in the brain called	Cerebral spinal fluid, Ventricles
The filtration of blood plasma into the choroid plexus is involved in production of	Cerebral Spinal Fluid
The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is immediately anterior to the ___	Central Sulcus
The Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, posterior to the central sulcus is the	None of the Above
Action potentials	are all or none events
Spinal nerves exit the spinal column through	intervertebral foramina
the intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus?	none of them
Cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system	ganglion

Created by: crc225

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