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What Composes the Central Nervous System?
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What Composes a Neuron?
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BIO 201 Exam Three
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Composes the Central Nervous System? | Brain and Spine |
| What Composes a Neuron? | Soma, Cell Body, Dendrites, and Axon |
| The ___ of a Neuron is responsible for the ___ of sensory information. | Axon/Output, Dendrites/input |
| The ___ form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system and the ____ for myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system | Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells |
| Nodes of a Ranvier are.... | Interrupt the myelin sheaths of the PNS axons |
| The presence of a myelin sheath on the axon of a neuron is... | allows nerve impulses to be conducted faster than unmyelinated neurons |
| Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are called ____ and called ____ in the PNS | Nucleus and Ganglion |
| A ___ is a bundle of neuronal axons in the CNS; and ____ is a bundle of Neuronal axons in the PNS | Tract, Nerve |
| The ____ is composed mainly of myelinated axons and the ____ is composed of cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia | White matter, gray matter |
| The Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system carry impulses to: | Skeletal Muscle |
| The ___ found in white matter gives the white appearance | Myelin |
| The parasympathetic nervous system is... | A division of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for "rest and digestion" |
| the sympathetic nervous system is... | a division of the autonomic nervous system, is responsible for the fight or flight response, is not concerned with conservation of energy |
| Leakage Channels | Open and Close randomly |
| Ligand-Gated Channels | Respond to a specific chemical stimulus |
| Mechanically Gated Channels | Respond to vibrations, touch, stretching |
| Voltage Gated Channel | Respond to a change in membrane potential |
| What's true regarding the resting membrane potential of a neuron | Partially maintained by the Na/K pump, Partially maintained by anions that cannot diffuse out of the cell, is polarized at rest, is usually around -70mV |
| which channel would be found in the post-synaptic neuron at a chemical synapse? | Ligand Gated |
| What is true regarding Graded Potentials? | Only propagate short distances |
| Action Potential Exhibit which traits? | are all or nothing event |
| A ___ occurs once a neuron is depolarized at or above the threshold level | an Action potential occurs |
| What are the events involving action potentials? | Sufficient graded potential depolarized the cell to threshold, action potential occurs, Na+ voltage gates become activated allowing Na+ into cell, Influx of Na+ ions into the axon depolarizing the cell to +30mV, K+ voltage gates open and Na+ voltage gates |
| A Refractory Period is... | a period of time in which a new action potential CAN NOT be initiated by a threshold stimulus |
| An ___ causes re-polarization in the post-synaptic neuron | Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential |
| Spatial summation involves strengthening graded potentials through | Many presynaptic neurons firing simultaneously |
| Substance P | Neuropeptide |
| The __________ division of the ANS is also referred to as the fight or flight division. | sympathetic |
| Which of the following is not part of a somatic reflex? | gland |
| The ___ receptors initiate the stretch reflex | Muscle Spindles |
| During a crossed extensor reflex, the ___ muscles of the ipsilateral limb contract while the ___ muscles of the contralateral limb contract | Flexor, extensor |
| The activity of the parasympathetic division tends to... | conserve energy |
| The intergrating center of an autonomic reflex is usually in the... | hypothalamus |
| Pain receptors are found... | everywhere but the brain |
| ______ memory allows us to recall experiences as they are occurring. | immediate |
| The suprachiasmatic nucleus... | establishes circadian rythym |
| Most dreaming occurs in... | REM sleep |
| Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory... | consolidation |
| Storage of acquired knowledge for later recall... | Memory |
| Rest-and-digest division of the ANS | parasympathetic |
| Receptors that provide information about body position | proprioceptors |
| Receptors that are sensitive to painful stimuli | nociceptors |
| Only type of neuron found in the parasympathetic division | cholinergic |
| Neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter norepinephrine | adrenergic |
| Crossing of nerve impulses from one side to the other | decussation |
| Conscious awareness of sensations | perception |
| Cholinergic receptors are classified as either muscarinic or ____ | nicotinic |
| Pain that is felt at a site remote from its place of origin is called _______ pain. | referred |
| _____-order sensory neurons conduct impulses from the site of the stimulus to the central nervous system | First |
| The acquisition of skills or knowledge through experience, instruction, or both is called _______ | learning |
| _____ receptors are classified generally as alpha or beta. | Adrenergic |
| Four events that occur in a typical sensation process... | sensation felt by a receptor, transduction into a nerve impulse, generation of impulse, integration in cerebral cortex |
| Retrograde amnesia | occurs when a person has no memory of life events before an accident |
| Anterograde amnesia | occurs when a person cannot create new memories after an accident |
| Fast pain | felt in 0.1 seconds, example: needle prick or knife cut |
| Slow pain | lingering pain, can be described as chronic, throbbing, burning, etc. example: stubbing your toe. |
| Damage to the occipital lobe of the cerebral would affect perception of which sense? | Vision |
| Cranial Nerves perform what function? | Carry Impulses between the brain to the head, neck, torso |
| The Major anatomical differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is? | Autonomic motor pathways involve two neurons in series |
| The effector of a visceral reflex.. | May be an endocrine gland, could be smooth muscle in a blood vessel, does not operate under voluntary control |
| Sprinting | Sympathetic |
| Restore Energy | Parasympathetic |
| Sleeping | Parasympathetic |
| Visceral Organs | Parasympathetic and Sympathetic |
| Watching TV | Parasympathetic |
| Fear | Sympathetic |
| Digestion | Parasympathetic |
| Increase Respiration | Sympathetic |
| Increase Heart Rate | Sympathetic |
| Decrease Heart Rate | Parasympathetic |
| If the telencephalon were removed from a 5-week-old embryo, what would fail to develop in the fetus? | cerebral hemispheres |
| The blood-CSF barrier is formed by... | ependymal cells |
| The medulla oblongata contains nuclei related to... | vital body functions such as breathing and heartbeat. |
| The central location of the _____ allows it to function very efficiently as the major relay station for motor and sensory impulses to and from the cerebral cortex. | thalamus |
| Going to the Restroom | Parasympathetic |
| Increase Metabolic Activity | Sympathetic |
| All neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete the neurotransmitter ___ which binds to a ___ receptor | Acetylcholine, Cholinergic |
| The Autonomic Nervous System utilizes a ___ and ____ neurons | Cholinergic and Adrenergic |
| Cholinergic receptors can be broken into what two divisions? | Muscarininc, and Nicotinic |
| Skeletal muscle movement, while initiated in the cerebrum, is smoothed and coordinated by the... | cerebellum |
| The meninges are... | layers of the connective tissue that surround the central nervous system |
| The dura mater is... | the most superficial of the meninges. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through cavities in the brain called... | ventricles |
| Band of white matter that connects cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| Center of intelligence, imagination, perception | cerebrum |
| Folds in the surface of the cerebrum | gyri |
| Grooves in the surface of the cerebrum | sulci |
| Secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm regulation | pons |
| Smoothes and coordinates voluntary muscle movement | cerebellum |
| Structure where cerebrospinal fluid is produced | Choroid plexus |
| The sense of smell | olfaction |
| The sense of taste | gustation |
| Tree-shaped white matter in the cerebellum | arbor vitae |
| Adrenergic Receptors can be broken into what two divisions? | Alpha and Beta |
| Sympathetic Neuron types | Adrenergic, and Cholinergic |
| Sympathetic Neurotransmitter (Pre/Post) | Pre: Acetylcholine Post: Norepinephrine |
| Sympathetic Receptor Type | Nicotinic (Muscarinic) (Cholinergic) Adrenergic (Alpha and Beta) |
| Parasympathetic Neuron Type | Cholinergic |
| Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter (Pre/Post) | Acetylcholine |
| Parasympathetic Receptor type | Cholinergic |
| Nicotinic Receptors bind to what neurotransmitter? | Acetylcholine |
| The _____ is the major ANS and endrocrine control center in the brain. | hypothalamus |
| _________ tracts conduct impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere. | Commisural |
| The primary visual area of the cerebral cortex is located in the ______ lobe. | occipital |
| A record of the brain's neural activity patterns is called a(n) ________. | electroencephalograph |
| The _______ system is a ring of structures surrounding the corpus callosum that is involved in emotional responses. | limbic |
| Which of the special senses is most closely associated with emotion? Why? | Smell, because of its association with the limbic system where emotional responses are derived from. |
| What is the function of the blood barrier? | Regulate which substances in blood are able to enter the cranial cavity. |
| What forms the blood-brain barrier? | Astrocytes/tight junctions |
| Cranial nerve II | optic nerve, sends sensory info from eyes to brain where translated to vision |
| True or False: All somatic reflex arcs require the spinal cord and the brain for integration | False |
| True or False: The autonomic nervous system is not affected by emotion | False |
| a sleeping person can be characterized by... | High parasympathetic and Low sympathetic |
| The Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are... | Usually adrenergic unless innervating a sweat gland cell |
| The Medulla Oblongata contains ___ which allow for: | Nuclei, vital functions like breathing and heartbreak |
| If a neuron has been hyper-polarized, it will be... | Less likely to generate an action potential |
| The superior colliculli of the ___ allows for ___ | Midbrain, tracking movement of the eyes |
| The tree-shaped area composed of white matter in the cerebellum is called? | Arbor Vitae |
| The central location of the ___ allows it to function as the major relay station for motor and sensory impulses to and from the cerebral cortex | Thalamus |
| The ___ is associated with smooth and coordinated skeletal muscle movement, and allows Dr. Friedman to walk so smoothly | Cerebellum |
| The integration center for visceral reflexes | Hypothalamus |
| The Longitudinal Fissure | Separates the cerebrum into left and right halves |
| The major autonomic control center within the CNS is the | Hypothalamus |
| What is associated with producing the Blood Brain Barrier... | Tight Junctions that join the epithelial cells of the brain capillaries |
| The ___ connects the cerebral hemispheres and is made up of white matter | Corpus Callosum |
| Central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord |
| Three parts of typical neuron | axon, dendrite, cell body |
| What neuroglia form myelin sheaths in the PNS? | Schwann cells |
| White matter appears white due to the presence of... | myelin |
| The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for... | rest and digest activity |
| Graded potentials.... | can occur in the dendrites of neurons, may vary in strength, can spread very rapidly, only propogate over short distances. |
| Axons in spinal nerves are arranged into bundles called... | fascicles. |
| Bundle of axons in central nervous system. | Tract |
| Connective tissue sheath that surrounds an entire nerve. | Epineurium |
| Glial cells that act as phagocytes. | Microglia |
| Junction between a neuron and its target cell. | Synapse |
| Layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord. | meninges |
| Neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS | Afferent |
| Region of an axon surrounded by a Schwann cell | internode |
| Region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve | dermatome |
| Substance stored in synaptic vesicles | neurotransmitter |
| In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called... | oligodendrocytes |
| Neurons that convey information away from the CNS are called motor, or ______ neurons. | Efferent |
| The ______ roots of spinal nerves contain the axons of sensory neurons. | dorsal |
| What is saltatory conduction? | occurs when a nerve impulse travels along an axon jumping from node to node |
| Where does saltatory conduction occur? | axons surrounded by myelin |
| What is the advantage of saltatory conduction? | it occurs fast |
| What is the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron? | -70mV |
| One factor that maintains the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron. | The gradient is maintained between the anions inside of cells and cations outside. |
| ____ circulates through cavities in the brain called | Cerebral spinal fluid, Ventricles |
| The filtration of blood plasma into the choroid plexus is involved in production of | Cerebral Spinal Fluid |
| The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is immediately anterior to the ___ | Central Sulcus |
| The Postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, posterior to the central sulcus is the | None of the Above |
| Action potentials | are all or none events |
| Spinal nerves exit the spinal column through | intervertebral foramina |
| the intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus? | none of them |
| Cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system | ganglion |
Created by:
crc225
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