Information limited to the Spine, IVD's, Spinal ligaments, and pelvic ligaments.
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| Bone is ________ - it is constantly degenerating and regenerating. | show 🗑
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| show | It responds by laying down new bone to better resist the applied force.
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| show | The bone will de-mineralize.
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| show | Ligaments
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| show | Tendons
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| An ________ occurs when two bones meet. | show 🗑
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| show | A joint
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| show | An articular capsule.
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| What is at the ends of bone to create a smooth surface for decreased resistance? | show 🗑
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| show | Synovial fluid
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| show | No
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| show | Rich, No
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| show | Richly innervated
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| __________ surround and penetrate joint capsules, ligaments, synovial membranes, and periosteum. | show 🗑
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| First to form in embryological development. | show 🗑
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| show | Innervation from joints of the spine.
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| show | 1.Supporsts and stablizes the body. 2. Protects the spinal cord. 3. Moves the trunk. 4. Provides movement for the head, neck and body. 5. Innervation for spinal joints provide largest amount of input into the CNS.
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| How many true vertebrae is in the normal adult spine? | show 🗑
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| How many movable segments are in the normal adult spine? | show 🗑
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| Name the 26 segments of the adult spine by regions. | show 🗑
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| The primary curves of the spine are? | show 🗑
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| The primary curves of the spine are concave in what direction? | show 🗑
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| Name the secondary spinal curves. | show 🗑
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| The secondary spinal curves form when? | show 🗑
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| show | Cervical curve begins to form as the child begins to raise his/her head. Lumbar curves begin as the child begins to stand.
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| show | Cervical C4/C5, Thoracic T6/T7, and Lumbar L3
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| show | Lordotic spinal curves
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| Name the AKA of primary spinal curves. | show 🗑
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| Name the typical cervicals. | show 🗑
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| The spinous processes of typical cervicals are _______. | show 🗑
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| show | There are 2 ossifications centers... typical of cervical spinous processes to allow for more muscle attatchments.
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| show | Articular pillar.
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| What part of the spinal column has transverse forament? | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior.
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| The bar of bone joining the anterior and posterior tubercles of the cervical spine is the? | show 🗑
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| The uncinate processes function as a ___________ for spinal flexion and extension. | show 🗑
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| show | Uncinate process and the sumilunar facet.
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| What is an aka of uncovertebral joints? | show 🗑
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| Name the Atypical Cervical Vetebrae. | show 🗑
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| show | Body, pedicles, laminae, and spinous processes
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| What does the atlas consist of? | show 🗑
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| show | Superior vetebral groove/sulcus of Atlas.
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| Where is the Superior Sulcus on atlas? | show 🗑
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| show | Concave, face cranially, and articulate with the occipital condyles.
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| show | Circular, slightly convex and articulate with C2.
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| show | C1-C6
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| In which cervical vertebrea does the vertebral vein pass through? | show 🗑
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| What makes axis atypical? | show 🗑
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| What helps to form the synovial joint of C1/2 at the dens-fovea dentalis articulation? | show 🗑
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| Superior vertebral notches lie ______ to the articular processes of Axis. | show 🗑
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| Why is C7 an atypical cervical vertebrea? | show 🗑
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| show | Vertebral Prominence.
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| What attaches to the tubercle on the C7's spinous process? | show 🗑
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| What is the most anterior portion of the occiput? | show 🗑
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| show | Foramen Magnum
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| show | Squamous portion of Occiput.
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| show | External Occipital Protuberance (EOP)
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| show | Internal Occipital Protuberance (IOP)
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| Describe the body of typical thoracics. | show 🗑
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| Which thoracic vertebral body is the smallest? | show 🗑
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| Decribe thoracic pedicles. | show 🗑
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| Describe throacic spinous processes. | show 🗑
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| show | Arise superiorly from the LPJ, faces posterior and slightly superior/lateral.
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| Describe the thoracic inferior articular processes. | show 🗑
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| show | Ribs
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| What articulates with thoracic transverse processes? | show 🗑
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| What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| show | Transitional vertebra, has a pair of full costal facets on the superior lateral body and a pair of demicostal facets.
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| show | Usualy has only one pair of superior demicostal facets with no inferior demicostal facets.
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| What makes T10 atypical? | show 🗑
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| What makes T11 atypical? | show 🗑
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| What makes T12 atypical? | show 🗑
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| List the typical ribs. | show 🗑
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| List the atypical ribs. | show 🗑
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| What does the typical rib head articulate with? | show 🗑
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| show | just distal to the transverse process articulation.
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| show | Flat and lies almost entirely in the horizontal plane.
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| Rib 1, 10, 11, 12 only articulate with which vertebral segments? | show 🗑
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| Which ribs are floating ribs? | show 🗑
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| Name the true ribs and describe what makes them true ribs. | show 🗑
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| Name the false ribs and describe what makes them false ribs. | show 🗑
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| What 2 types of articulations do the costovertebral ligaments have? | show 🗑
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| Ligament that surrounds each rib articulation. | show 🗑
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| show | Radiate ligament
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| show | Intra-articular ligament.
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| Ligament that attaches the neck of rib to the Transverse process one level above. | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral costotransverse ligament.
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| Describe a typical Lumbar. | show 🗑
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| What process is used for a contact site for lumbar adjustments? | show 🗑
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| show | L5
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| show | Anterior Spondylolisthesis.
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| show | 5
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| show | By the age of 25 years old.
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| The anterior surface of the sacrum is _____. | show 🗑
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| show | IVDs
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| The median Sacral Crest is the rudementary ___________. | show 🗑
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| What part of the sacrum is formed by the union of the lamina and gives origin to the mulitfidi muscles? | show 🗑
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| Laminae of the 5th sacral segement fail to unite in the midline and form the ________. | show 🗑
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| The part of the sacrum that is formed from the the rudimentary articular processes. | show 🗑
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| show | Sacral foramina.
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| show | Aricular surface.
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| show | the Ilium to form the sacral iliac joint.
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| show | Sacral Promontory.
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| Lowest segment of the spinal column. | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane.
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| show | Limits extension of the occiput on atlas
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| What membrane attaches the posterior arch of atlas to posterior rim of foramen magnum? | show 🗑
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| What does the poserior atlanto-occipital membrane do? | show 🗑
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| show | arcuate forament (aka) poster ponticle.
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| What is homologue of the ligamentum flavum for C0-C1? | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament.
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| Connects the posterior arch of C1 to lamina of C2? | show 🗑
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| show | Transverse Ligament.
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| show | Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, and articular capsule.
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| show | Anterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament, Posterior Atlanto-Axial Ligament, Transverse Ligament, and Capsular ligament.
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| show | Tectorial Membrane, alar ligament, apical ligament, cruciate or cruciform ligament.
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| show | Tectorial Membrane.
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| What does the tectorial membrane do? | show 🗑
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| show | Alar Ligament (AKA Check ligament, AKA Odontoid Ligament.)
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| show | Apical Ligament.
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| What are the three parts of the cruciate ligament? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. ALL 2. Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane. 3. Apical Ligament. 4. Superior Band of the Cruciform Ligament. 5. Tectorial Membrane.
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| What are the 9 common Ligaments? | show 🗑
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| Runs anterior from the basioccipital surface, along atlas, down to sacrum attaching firmly to the edges of the vertebral bodies. | show 🗑
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| show | Can be damaged by hyperextention or when irritated can cause osteoblastic activity leading to calcification.
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| Extends from C2 to the sacrum over the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies to the coccyx. | show 🗑
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| Posterior longitudinal ligament is .... | show 🗑
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| show | Supraspinous Ligament.
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| Begins at the EOP and extends to C7 along the tips of the SP's as a fanned-out fibroelastic septum. Cervical's version of the supraspinous ligament. | show 🗑
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| Located between adjoining SPs from the root to the apex of each SP. | show 🗑
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| show | Interspinous ligament.
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| show | Ligamentum Flavum (aka yellow ligament)
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| show | Intertransverse ligament
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| show | capsular ligament
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| Makes up 25% of the adult spine and attached to the vertebral body via Sharpey's fibers. | show 🗑
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| show | It recieves its nutrients from imbibition due to a lack of blood supply.
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| show | Transverse ligament, Superior Longitudinal (AKA Cranial Crus), Inferior Longitudinal (AKA Caudal Crus)
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| show | Iliolumbar ligament
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| Ligament that attaches the ischial tuberosity to the lateral sacrum (apex) | show 🗑
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| show | Sacrospinous Ligament
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| show | Posterior Sacroiliac Brevis Ligament
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| Connects the PSIS to the Sacral Apex. | show 🗑
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| Ligament that attaches to the lateral sacral border to ilium medial border. | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament
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| show | Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament.
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| show | Intervertebral fibrocartilage, Anterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament, Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament, and the Intercornaul Ligament.
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| Name the three divisions of the Brainstem (rostal to caudal.) | show 🗑
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| A continuation of the brain, this system of tracts conduct the transmission of nerve impulses from the brain to the various spinal levels. | show 🗑
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| show | starting C1/2 and ending at L2
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| show | Cauda equina
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| show | Cervical enlargement C3-T2 and the Lumbar Enlargement T9-Conus Medullaris.
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| What does the grey matter of the spinal cord house and what is it called? | show 🗑
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| What does the white matter of the spinal cord house? | show 🗑
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| show | Conus Medullaris
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| Why does the spinal cord not run the full length of an adult spinal collumn? | show 🗑
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| show | Filum Terminale Interna
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| show | Filum Terminale Externa
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| show | 31
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| show | 12
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| What is most superior nerve capable of being affected by IVD protrusion? | show 🗑
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| show | Dura mater (aka Tough Mother), Arachnoid mater, Pia mater.
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| show | Meninges
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| The outermost membrane of the spinal cord, strongest and not permeable to fluids. | show 🗑
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| Membrane that firmly attaches to the foramen magnum, atlas, and bodies of C2 and C3, yet loose withing the spine (epidural sac). | show 🗑
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| show | It is made of the lower portion of the Dura Mater and contains cerbrospinal fluid (CSF) and contains the continuation of lumbar and sacral nerves.
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| show | Arachnoid mater.
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| show | The subarachnoid space which contains cerbrospinal fluid (CSF).
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| The space between the arachnoid and dura mater layers. | show 🗑
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| show | Pia Mater.
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| show | Leptomeninx
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| The ligaments that function to anchor the spinal cord to the dura sac and provide a pre-tensed suspension system against sudden jars and contains 22 pairs of pial extensions. | show 🗑
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| show | 4 inches.
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| Name the 3 anatomical spaces in the vertebral canal. | show 🗑
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| Space in the vertebral canal filled with fat, loose areolar tissue, and a rich venous plexus between the dural sac and the endosteum of the vertebra. | show 🗑
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| show | Subdural space
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| Space located between the pia and the arachnoid maters, contains CSF and tiny venouse plexi. | show 🗑
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| show | 1 anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries. These run the length of the spinal cord and have several sources of supply.
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| How many IVDs are in the normal spine? | show 🗑
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| show | Between Occiput/C1 and C1/2
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| show | Annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposis, and cartilage end plates.
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| show | Cartilaginous epiphseal plates of the vertebral body, ALL, PLL, and Rib Heads #2-9 via the intra-articular ligament.
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| show | Annulus Fibrosis.
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| The outer 1/3 of the annulus fibrosis receives innervation from? | show 🗑
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| Acts as a shock dispersing structure and located in the center of the IVD. | show 🗑
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| show | 70-90%
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| show | Early years of life there is sparce blood supply, but about 15 years of age the disc become avascular and nutrition-waste exchange occurs by imbibition of fluids through the endplates.
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| show | Compresive loading squeezes waste fluid from the disc and unloading allows the influx of nutrient fluid into the disc. Movement is key to a healthy disc.
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| Name the 6 functions of the IVD. | show 🗑
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| What problems or disorders can be developed by loss of IVD height? | show 🗑
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| Intradiscal Pressure in the lumbar region lying supine. | show 🗑
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| Intradiscal Pressure in the lumbar region reclining | show 🗑
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| show | 100%
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| Intradiscal Pressure in the lumbar region sitting. | show 🗑
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| Intradiscal Pressure in the lumbar region standing while stooped forward. | show 🗑
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| Intradiscal Pressure in the lumbar region sitting while stooped forward. | show 🗑
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| show | 220%
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| Intradiscal Pressure in the lumbar region sitting while stooped forward and holding weight. | show 🗑
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| What is the ratio of disc height to the vertebral body height. | show 🗑
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| show | lateral flextion and sp rotation to the concave side.
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| show | lateral fexion and SP rotation to the convex side.
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| Rotation of the atlas over axis is defined as _____ of the total cervical rotation. | show 🗑
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| Adverage cervical rotation is ____. | show 🗑
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| show | Flexion-extension and lateral flexion.
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| Rotation at individiual cervical segments other than C1/C2 is only ____. | show 🗑
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