AP HUG
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| Antecedent Boundary | a boundary that was identified before an area was settled
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| Autonomous Region | a subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has a degree of self-government
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| Borderland | a region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees
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| Boundary | a clearly demarcated line that marks both the limits of a territory and divisions between territories; often called a border at the global scale
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| Buffer State | A politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of two powers
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| core areas | A small territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and overtime
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| cracking | gerrymandering by dividing opposition votes into many districts, diluting the oppositions vote to not form a majority
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| delimited | Describing how boundaries are fixed or defined to identify their limits
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| demarcated | Describing how boundaries are set apart to distinguish their limits
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| demilitarized zone (DMZ) | An area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers, or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel; usually lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances
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| Devolution | The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
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| domestic terrorism | acts of terrorism by citizens of their own country
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| satellite state | A nominally independent country that is politically, militarily, and economically controlled by a more powerful state
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| effective sovereignty | the idea that a state's power to enforce its sovereignty may extend beyond its territory and varies over time from country to country
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| Electoral College | The USA's organization for voting by state, who is supposed to vote along with the popular vote in their state.
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| Electoral geography | a subfield of political geography that analyzes the geography of political preferences and how geography can shape voting outcomes
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| Enclave | a territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it
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| self-determination | A nation's ability to determine its own statehood and form its own allegiances and government
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| ethnonationalism | A form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms of ethnic identity
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| Neocolonialism | the set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over less wealthy areas
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| Shatterbelt | region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces
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| Choke point | a narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region
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| Strait | a narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water
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| Median Line Principle | an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two places
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| Exclave | part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs
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| relic boundary | A boundary that no longer functions as an international border, but still has cultural, economic, or historic importance
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| superimposed boundary | A boundary that is placed on an area without regard to existing boundaries
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| subsequent boundary | A political boundary that developed with the cultural landscape
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| geometric boundary | A boundary that has regular, often perfectly straight, lines drawn without regard for an area's physical or cultural features
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| consequent boundary | A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences
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| exclusive economic zone (EEZ) | Zone that extends 200 nautical miles from shoreline in which coastal states have the sole right to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all water resources lying beyond the land
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| Sovereign State | a state that possesses the sole authority over the land and people within its boundaries
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| nation | a community of people bound to a homeland and possessing a common identity based on shared cultural traits such as language, ethnicity, and religion
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| nation-state | when a nation's geographic boundaries exactly match the state's territorial boundaries
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| nationalism | sense of belonging to and self-identifying with a national culture
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| Stateless nation | An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation-state
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| multinational state | a country containing multiple national, ethnic, and religious groups within its boundaries
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| multistate nations | Ethnic groups territorially divided by one or more international boundaries
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| semiautonomous region | a subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has some degree of, nut not complete, self-government
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| frontier | a region at the margins of state control and settlemtn
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| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | Conference organized to define territorial boundaries and rights to the sea
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| reapportionment | The process by which the 435 seats in the US House of Representatives are divided proportionately by population among the 50 states following every US census
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| redistricting | The process of drawing new boundaries for US congressional districts to reflect the population changes since the previous US census
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| gerrymandering | The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party
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| packing | gerrymandering by concentrating all of the opposition party into one district- making a large majority that can't win
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| unitary state | power in the central government
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| federal state | subnational units have major power
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| irredentism | political claim to territory in another country based on ethnic affiliations
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| terrorism | use of violence to make a point
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| subnational terrorism | terrorism committed by nongovernment groups that feel wronged by their government
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| state terrorism | terrorism by the government
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| supranationalism | collection of nation-states and citizens relinquish some sovereign rgihts to a larger-scale body that exercises authority over member states
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| trading bloc | multi-country agreement to reduce taxes and promote free trade between states.
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| failed state | a state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control
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