Terms from Simple Mendelian Unit of NW 04-350
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| pure bred | an individual that when crossed with itself or another pure bred of the same phenotype produces offspring with the exact same phenotype and genotype as the parents. True breeding. Homozygous
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| self | to cross an individual with itself. possible in plants like peas in Mendel's classic experiment
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| controlled cross | a forced mating experiment under the control of the researcher
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| outcross | crossing with an individual of a different phenotype and genotype
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| genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual. Homozygous or heterozygous
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| phenotype | the physical characteristic, physical appearance of an organism
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| law of segregation | Mendel's First Law. Because of anaphase I and the separation of homologous chromosomes, gametes will receive only one copy of an individual gene if produced by a diploid parent. Sexual fertilization from two parents restores offspring to being diploid.
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| law of independent assortment | Mendel's Second Law. Because of metaphase I, the segregation of gene A does not influence the segregation of gene B. Only true if genes are on separate chromosomes or very far apart on the same chromosome
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| monohybrid cross | crossing a heterozygous individual with another heterozygous individual for a single gene. Aa x Aa results in 3:1 phenotypic ratio and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio due to segregation
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| dihybrid cross | AaBb x AaBb --> 9:3:3:1 due to independent assortment
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| test cross | Any cross involving an individual with a dominant phenotype and an individual known to be homozygous recessive. AA x aa or Aa x aa. Results help to determine the genotype of the dominant parent
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| autosome | a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination
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| sex chromosome | a chromosome that carries genes that determine the sex of an individual. X and Y chromosomes or Z and W chromosomes
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