and Amplitude
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| show | There is a spring like reaction that pushes molecules apart (electrical charges repel when molecules are pushed too close). This repeating pattern of compression and rarefactions creates energy wave..
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| Wave Motion | show 🗑
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| show | energy putting air particles in motion. The particles push on their neighbors, and so on, creating a repeating pattern of compressions and rarefactions
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| During sound wave motion, high and low pressure areas... | show 🗑
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| show | the speed of sound. 1130 ft/second. at sea level at 70 degrees F with dry air.
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| What changes the speed of sound? | show 🗑
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| What factors are taken into account in large PA systems at stadiums and festival concerts? | show 🗑
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| Sound travels faster in what materials? | show 🗑
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| show | It results in a pitch change of one octave.
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| Octave shifts are independent of... | show 🗑
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| show | About 10 octaves (20-20,000 Hz)
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| show | Distance between compression peaks or rarefaction valleys. Measured between any two points of equal pressure. Represents one wave cycle.
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| Waveform graph | show 🗑
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| What should engineers and mixers know about octaves? | show 🗑
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| show | POWER. Isn't heard very often in record music, as most people don't have equipment to record it well. Generates excitement in crowd at concerts. Felt as much as heard because it takes a great deal of energy to produce.
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| What is the octave 40-80 Hz used for in recorded music? | show 🗑
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| show | RHYTHM. Most fundamental rhythm frequencies (drums, bass, stomping, etc.). Around 100 Hz, if too much energy, music can sound boomy.
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| What is the octave 160-320 Hz used for in recorded music? | show 🗑
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| What is the octave 320-640 Hz used for in recorded music? | show 🗑
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| What is the octave 640-1280 Hz used for in recorded music? | show 🗑
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| What is the octave 1280-2560 Hz used for in recorded music? | show 🗑
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| show | SIBILANCE and INTELLIGIBILITY. Critical for understanding speech and lyrics.
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| show | PRESENCE and BRIGHTNESS. Important in giving sound its presence. Without it, sounds will sound distant and dull.
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| show | SPARKLE. Icing on the cake. Many don't notice it missing, but it can add life and clarity to music.
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| show | Speech sounds like "sss" or "thhh" or "k" that have hissing
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| Doppler Effect or Doppler Shift | show 🗑
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| show | Sound travels so slow relative to the speed of light.
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| show | The pitch is higher when the object is near you and the frequency is higher. It will be lower when it is further away.
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| show | At 20 Hz, most consumer speakers make a sound, but they just double, and you actually hear a sound at 40 Hz.
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| show | At 20,000 Hz, most consumer speakers can't move quickly enough. At 20 Hz, they double.
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| show | 80-100 Hz to 10 KHz.
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| show | Decibel
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| show | Decibel is a tenth of a Bel, a unit developed by Alexander Graham Bel's telephone company for measuring voltage losses over miles of wire.
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| Why do we need decibels? | show 🗑
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| show | the way we perceive sound is not linear, and neither is the decibel scale.
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| show | They are ratios of a measurement to a standard reference. Different letters follow dB to show what the reference is - dBu, Dbm, dB SPL, dBFS, etc.
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| Why can dB values be positive or negative? | show 🗑
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| show | decibels Sound Pressure Level. Used because we're discussing loudness and what we hear.
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| What is the reference value for dB SPL? | show 🗑
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| Why are dB SPL measurements usually positive? | show 🗑
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| show | 60-65 dB SPL
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| How does 70 dB compare to 60 dB? | show 🗑
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| How is amplitude determined? | show 🗑
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