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APUSH Review #8

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Term
Description
Significance
Election of 1932   Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover who was running for reelection.   show
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show Thirty- second president of the U.S, and served longer than any other president.   His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated.  
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Eleanor Roosevelt   Wife, mother, teacher, first lady of New York, first lady of the country, newspaper columnist, author, world traveler, diplomat, and seasoned politician.   show
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New Deal   Use of the authority government as an organized form of self help for all classes, groups, and sections of our country.   show
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show Invested the president with power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.   He assured that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank than “under the mattress”.  
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Hundred Days   An emergency session of Congress held from March 9 to June 16, 1933.   show
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Twenty-first Amendment   show Congress legalized beer.  
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation   Insured individual deposits up to $5000 (later raised)   show
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Securities and Exchange Commission   show Stock markets were to operate more as trading marts and less as gambling casinos  
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Civilian Conservation Corps   show Most popular of all the New Deal “alphabetical agencies.”  
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration   show Granted about $3 billion to the states for direct dole payments or preferably for wages on work projects.  
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Civil Works Administration   Designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency.   show
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show Employment on useful projects.   Over a period of eight years, nearly 9 million people were given jobs.  
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Agricultural Adjustment Act   To establish “parity prices” for basic commodities.   show
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show A case when the Supreme Court of the U.S ruled unconstitutional the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act.   : Justice Owen Josephus Roberts argued that the tax was an “unconstitutional end” that violated the 10th amendment.  
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show Established codes of fair competition aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic revival from the Great Depression.   The law created a National Recovery Administration to promote compliance on the part of corporations.  
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Public Works Administration   Intended both for industrial recovery, and for employment relief. It was also intended for long range recovery.   show
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National Recovery Administration   show Workers were formally guaranteed the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing.  
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Tennessee Valley Authority   To discover precisely how much the production and distribution of electricity cost.   show
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show The sun being darkened by millions of tons of powdery top soil torn from homesteads in an area that stretched from eastern Colorado to western Missouri.   Overawed victims of the Dust Bowl disaster predicted the end of the world or the second coming.  
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show A moving tale of the Joad family’s migration out of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl to depression-era California.   Americans that were forced to endure this misery aroused intense indignation among millions of readers.  
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show Set up to speed recovery and better homes.   Proved to be one of the few “alphabetical agencies” to outlast the age of Roosevelt.  
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Richard Wright   show Made the bestseller lists.  
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show Some thought the first New Deal did too much and created a big deficit.   This led FDR to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935.  
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Al Smith   Four-time governor of New York and first Catholic presidential candidate.   show
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Huey P. Long, Jr.   show Publicized his “Share Our Wealth” program.  
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show A retired physician whose savings had just been wiped out.   Attracted the trusting support of perhaps 5 million senior citizens.  
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Father Charles E. Coughlin   show Defeated President Roosevelt’s effort to win Senate ratification of a treaty providing for Americans membership in the World Court.  
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Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States   The learned justices unanimously held that congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive.   show
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National Labor Relations Board   show Proved to be one of the real milestones on the rocky road of the U.S. labor movement.  
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show One of the most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass congress.   By 1939, over 45 million people were eligible for Social Security benefits.  
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show Known as the Wealth Tax Act.   Increased income tax rates for wealthy Americans and corporations.  
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show Democrats renominated Roosevelt on a platform squarely endorsing the New Deal.   FDR won primarily because he appealed to the “forgotten man,” whom he never forgot.  
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Court-packing plan   The scheme to pack the Supreme Court with justices that were more agreeable to Roosevelt’s New Deal.   show
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show Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members.   It is a federation of different unions.  
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show Within the ranks of the skilled-craft American Federation of Labor.   Finally won a resounding victory when its union was recognized by General Motors as the sole bargaining agency for its employers.  
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show Officially the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural implement workers of America International Union.   One of the largest labor unions in North America, with more than 700,000 members in the U.S, Canada, and Puerto Rico.  
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United States Housing Authority   show For the first time in a century, the slum areas in America ceased growing and even shrank.  
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show House of Representatives committee designed to investigate disloyalty and subversive organizations.   Was abolished in 1975.  
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show A lawyer represented Texas as a Democratic member of the U.S House of Representatives   Was notorious for its exposes of alleged communist infiltration into U.S business and government.  
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Reparations   As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the allies to repay the costs of the war.   show
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Isolationism   Reigned in the Coolidge era.   show
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show Naval disarmament and the situation in the Far East   Went to all the major naval powers except Bolshevik Russia, whose government the U.S refused to recognize.  
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Five- Power Naval Treaty (1922)   show Only was offered to the insecure Japanese.  
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Four-Power Treaty   Replaced the twenty-year-old Anglo-Japanese alliance.   show
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The Nine Power Treaty   The USA, Belgium, the British Empire, China France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and Portugal agreed to guarantee China’s independence and maintained an Open Door Policy.   show
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Kellogg-Briand Pact   show The pact is a binding treaty under international law and, from a technical legal point of view, it remains in force as part of the supreme positive law of the US, under Article VI of the US Constitution. It was intended as a pact to end war.  
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“Good Neighbor” Policy   show Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy represented an attempt to distance the US from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910’s and 1920’s.  
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Manchukuo   show With Japanese investment and rich natural resources, the area became an industrial powerhouse. Eventually, Japanese became the official language taught in Manchukuo schools and Shinto became the national religion.  
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Benito Mussolini   Ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943. He created fascist state through the use of state terror and propaganda. Using his charisma, total control of the media and intimidation of political rivals, he disassembled the existing democratic government   show
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Adolf Hitler   show His belief in the racial superiority of the “Aryans” led to the Holocaust, the most brutal, organized and systemic attempt at genocide the world has seen, which resulted in the death of 6 million Jews, most of European Jewry.  
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Bolsheviks   The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), the Marxist political party led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917, a world- historical event known as the October Revolution.   show
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Rome-Berlin-Tokyo “Axis”   The Axis Powers is a term for the loose alliance of participants in World War II led by Germany, Italy, and Japan. The three major Axis powers referred to themselves as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis.   show
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Anshluss   The general German term Anshluss is part of the specific political incident Anschluss Osterreichs referring to the inclusion of Austria in a “Greater Germany” in 1938.   show
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show Was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the WWII period). It was the most industrialized part of the former Austria-Hungary, was a democratic republic throughout the pre-WWII period, but had ethnic problems   After the Munich Agreement of 1938, Hitler’s troops invaded the Sudentenland. Czechoslovakia ceased to exist on March 1939, when Hitler occupied whole of the Czech lands and (the remaining) Slovakia was forced to declare independence.  
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show The Neutrality Act of 1935 prohibited American citizens from selling arms to belligerents in international war. It resulted from Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia.   Prohibited sales of arms to nations engaged in war.  
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Spanish Civil War   Was the result of complex political differences between the Republicans, mostly subscribing to electoral democracy, and the Nationalists, who rebelled against that government and had a primarily rural and more conservative power base.   show
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show Dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. Also known as Generalismo Francisco Franco. Full Name: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teodulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Adnrade.   Known as el “Caudillo de Espana”, and officially as “Caudillo de Espana por la gracia de Dios” (The Leader of Spain by the grace of God), presided over the authoritarian government of the Spanish State following victory in the Spanish Civil War.  
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Blitzkreig   show The aim is hit as hard and as fast against the enemy as possible and to leave them dumbfounded and reeling from the attack.  
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Battle of Britain   show Britain’s defeat in this battle would have meant that Germany would have taken over Britain (they already had plans for what they would do after they took over) and would have made it more difficult, if not impossible for the Allies to beat back the Ger  
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Winston Churchill   show At various times an author, soldier, journalist, and legislator, Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history.  
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Wendell Wilkie   show Wilkie lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the election, Wilkie became one of Roosevelt’s most unlikely allies.  
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Election of 1936   show Roosevelt won.  
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“Lend-Lease” Program   show A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease. The money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion. Over the next few years the British government repaid $650 million of this sum.  
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show Erwin Johannes Eugene Rommel was one of the most distinguished German Field Marshals and commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps in WWII. He is also known by his nickname The Desert Fox   Commander of Nazi German forces in Africa and at the battle of Al-Alamein.  
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Tri-Partite Pact   show Their prime purpose was to establish and maintain a new order of things calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned.  
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General Douglas MacArthur   show MacArthur remains one of the most controversial figures in American history. While greatly admired by many for his strategic and tactical brilliance, MacArthur is also criticized by many for his actions in command.  
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show December 7, 1941 Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor was one of the defining moments in history.   A single carefully planned and well-executed stroke removed the US battleships. Sparked US entrance into WWII.  
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Kamikaze   show It is designed to meet the highest expectations of martial arts.  
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Philippines   show In 1933 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth.  
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Coral Sea   show It was the first of the Pacific War’s six fights between opposing aircraft carrier forces.  
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Midway   show This represents the strategic high water mark of Japan’s Pacific Ocean War. The two opposing fleets were essentially equals.  
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War Production Board   US government agency. It was established by the executive branch.   show
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show Established to prevent wartime inflation.   The OPA issued a general maximum price regulation that made prices charged in March 1942, the ceiling prices for most commodities.  
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Rosie the Riveter   The woman depicted on many of the propaganda posters.   show
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show US government forced more than 120,000 to leave their homes to live in camps.   Roosevelt issued the Executive Order 9066. It permitted the military to bypass safeguards in the name of the National defense.  
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Nazis   Followers of Hitler, racist, a member of the German National Socialist party   show
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Dwight D. Eishenhower   He was the 34th president of the US. Served 2 terms from 1953-1961. Born October 14, 1890 in Desion, Texas.   show
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show Meeting between Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill.   They planned future global military strategy for the western allies.  
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Axis Powers   Coalition of countries that opposed the allied powers in WWII.   show
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Allies Powers   show Included Britain, the United States, and Russia  
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Battle of the Atlantic   War between Germany and Britain.   show
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Luftwaffe   show Germans were very good at aerial combats.  
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Teheran Meeting   show A separate agreement was signed by the Big Three promising to maintain Iran’s independence.  
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D-Day   Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and begun the process of re-taking France.   show
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Operation Overlord   The 1944 Allied assault on Nazi occupied northern Europe.   show
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Douglass MacArthur   An American General, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during WWII.   show
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Leapfrogging   show Technique used by Americans in the Pacific front of WWII  
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show Helped lead the US to victory 252 line and staff admirals and commandoes.   Open pursuit of permanent higher ranks of WWII.  
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show It was a 3 day battle   Japanese and Americans lost a lot of their ships in the battle. Including the Japanese ship called the Musashi.  
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show Roosevelt’s fourth election to office.   Truman was chosen as vice president.  
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show Largest land battle of WWII.   Defeat of Germany. America, Germany, and Britain were involved.  
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Yalta   City in the Ukraine which earned worldwide attention in 1945.   show
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show Nickname given to the Allied leaders of WWII   Included Churchill (Britain), FDR (USA), and Stalin (Russia)  
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Third Reich   Name given to Germany during the years 1933 - 1945   show
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Iwo Jima   show It was officially declared secured on March 17: resistance was not extinguished until 9 days later. The US won the war against Japan.  
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Manhattan Project   Physicists the world over recognized the possibility of utilizing the enormous energy released in this atomic reaction.   show
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show 33rd president of the US   Initiated the foreign policy of containing communism. Also he helped to centralize power in the executive branch.Initiated the foreign policy of containing communism. Also he helped to centralize power in the executive branch.  
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Potsdam Declaration   Signed by the US and Britain only. It calls for Japan to surrender but gave assurances that would be treated humanely.   show
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show US’s demand for Japan   Japan’s refusal led to the American use of atomic bombs  
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki   show Both Japanese islands were hit with nuclear bombs by the US.  
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