Respiratory System
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| Describe the function(s) of the larynx | ● To provide a patent airway● To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels●To function in voice production Prevents Aspiration
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| Describe what influences the loudness of a person’s voice | Depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords
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| In relation to the walls of the alveoli describe the function of type II cells | secrete surfactant coats alveoli surfaces, reduces surface tension
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| Describe the pleurae and its importance to the integrity of the lungs | ● Thin, double-layered serosa keeps shape● Parietal pleuraCovers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm continues around heart and between lungsVisceral or pulmonary, pluraaCovers the external lung surface Divides the thoracic cavity i
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| Define intrapulmonary pressure | Pressure within the alveoli
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| Explain Boyle’s law | Boyle’s law is the relationship between the pressure and volume of gases P¹v¹=P²v²P= Pressure of gas in mm Hgv= Volume of gas in cubic millimetersSubscripts 1 and 2 represent the initial and resulting conditions, respectively
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| Explain Dalton’s law | ● the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture●The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture
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| Describe surfactant and its function | ● it’s a detergent like complex keeps water from building and blocking gas exhange●reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsingLubricant – rubbing sound if missing
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| Explain the Bohr effect | ●Declining blood pH (acidosis) and increasing PCO2 weaken the Hb-O2 bond
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| Explain the benefits – if any – of increased carbon dioxide in a healthy person | ●reflex to make you breath- recpetors detect CO2 to cause breathing
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| Describe the function of the dorsal respiratory group | ●excites muscles and eupina, pace setting center, Dormant during aspiration
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| Explain what influences the increase in ventilation that occur with exercise | ●builds up latic acid. Must breath out CO2
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| Be familiar with the different forms of lung cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arise in bronchial epitheliumAdenocarcinoma (25-35% of cases) originates in peripheral lung areaSmall cell carcinoma (20-25% of cases) contains lymphocyte cells that originate in the primary bronchi
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| Describe the events necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2 | Carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs&combines w/ water to form carbonic acid (h2co3), which quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions & bicarbonate ions●In RBCs, carbonic anhydrase reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide &water to carbonic acid
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| Describe the events necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2 at the tissue | Bicarbonate quickly diffuses from RBCs into the plasma The chloride shift- to counter balance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs chloride ions move from the plasma into the ErythrocytesPulmonary ventilation, external respiration, tra
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| Define Tidal Volume (TV) | ●During normal quiet breathing about 500ml of air moves into and then out of the lungs with each breath. Smokers have decreased volume
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| Define vital capacity and the ideal vital capacity | decreases in females and children●VC is the total amount of exchangeable air. It is the sum of TH, IRV, and ERV. VC is approximately 4800ml
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| Define and explain causes of hypoxia sickle cell enemia | ●Inadequate Oxygen delivery to body tissues Anemic Hypoxia-too few RBCs of form RBCs that contain abnormal ot too little HbIschemic (stagnant) Hypoxia-results when blood circulation is impaired or blockedHistotoxic Hypoxia-Occurs when body cells are
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| Identify the for stimulus(’s) for breathing | Excitatory and inhibitory hypothalamic, cortical control, pulmonary irritant reflex, inflation reflex
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| Describe the location of the respiratory control centers | Medullary Respiratory & PonsSmooth out inspiration and expiration transition and vice versa
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| Medullary Respiratory center | The dorsal respiratory group (DRG), or inspiratory centerIs located near the root of nerve IVAppears to be the pacesetting centerExcites the inspiratory muscles and sets eupneaBecomes dormant during expiration
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| Define inspiratory capacity | The diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract and the rib Cage TV+RIV●The lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume increases●Air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradient, until intrapleural pressure=atmospheric pressure
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| Describe the function(s) of CO2 | Dialater of smooth muscle, transport O2 to tissue, regulates PH levels
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| Describe how O2 and CO@ are exchanged in the lungs | CO2 and H2O attract O2 to cross membrane
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| Describe the pharynx and it’s relations to the auditory tubes | Drains middle ear cavities
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| Describe the function(s) of the oropharynx | Extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate 2the epiglottis Opens to the oral cavity via an archway called the faucesServes as a common passageway for food &airThe epithelial lining is protective sratified squamous epithelium Palatine tonsils
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| Describe what if found in the right lobe of the lung | ●Right lung is separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures●There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
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| Define carbon monoxide | is odorless, colorless gas that competes vigorously with oxygen for heme binding sites
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| Define hypoxemia | decrease O2 transport in the blood
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| Define hypoxia | whatever the cause inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues
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| Name the respiratory structure that provide the greatest surface are for gas exchange | Alveoli sac and capillary walls
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| Describe what the respiratory membrane is made of | only 0.5-1µm thick allows for efficient gas exchange a total surface area(in males)of 60m² Thicken if lungs become waterlogged &edematous where gas exchange is inadequate &o2deprivation results Decrease in surface area w/ emphysema when walls of adjacent
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| Identify causative factors that might lead to a gas emboli | pressure changes that the body cant compensate
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| Define inspiratory capacity and relate to the respiratory process | total air you can inhale
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| the age at which a premature baby can survive | 28 weeks
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| respiratory rate of a newborn | ●40-80 respirations per min shallow uneven breathing. Breaths though nose and with belly
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| Identify factors or structures responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall | Pleura
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| Describe physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation | ●air resistance, inspiration uses diaphragm, alveoli condition
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| Identify characteristics of emphysema | ●Is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli, accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls. Invariably the lungs lose their elasticity.
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