Late Middle Ages
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| Black Death | A devastating disaster from 1347 – 1351 that disturbed Europe socially, culturally, demographically, politically, etc. Spread by fleas carried on ship rats. Originated in Asia and carried to Europe by traders.
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| Decameron | Written by Giovanni Boccaccio in the 1300s. First-hand account of the Black Death. A collection of short stories, first prose piece written in Italian.
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| Flagellants | Religious radicals that travelled in groups to punish people with leather whips, hoping that the penances would drive away the Black Death.
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| Peasants Revolts | Caused by a variety of factors, including the Black Death. Two major ones: in 1358, the Jacquerie in France, and in 1381, the English Peasants’ Revolt.
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| 100 Years War | Most famous and violent of the 14th century. Lasted 1337-1453. Lots of bloodshed. Started with a dispute over Glascony in France. French won the war.
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| Joan of Arc | A peasant girl born in 1412. Received visions, in 1429, persuaded Charles (the prince) to let her lead an army. Eventually turned the tide of war to the French’s favor. Burnt at the stake after being captured by the English.
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| Christine de Pizan | A witness to the 100 Years’ War. Wrote a poem to honor Joan of Arc.
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| Avignon "captivity" |
Occurred at the beginning of the 1300s when Philip IV elected Clement V as the pope in Avignon. Instead of the cardinals and the pope residing in Rome, they were captive in Avignon.
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| Great Schism | After Avignon "Captivity", 1378 - new pope needed. Roman pope Urban VI elected and French papacy ousted; French elect Clement VII in revenge.
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| Conciliarism | The theory that a general council of the church could end the Great Schism. The Council of Pisa in 1409 elected Alexander V;two popes refused to step down; 3 popes. The Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund finally ended the Schism and elected Pope Martin V.
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| Dante |
Dante Alighieri wrote The Inferno, one of his greatest works, where he fictionally descends into Hell with the poet Virgil. An allegory showing the levels of Hell.
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| Chaucer | Geoffrey Chauncer wrote The Canterbury Tales in the 1300s, which gave a firsthand account of everyday life.
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| Giotto |
Giotto was an artist of the 1300s, painting frescos and Biblical scenes.
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