All vocab terms for units 5-8 in Barron's
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| Antecedent Boundaries | A boundary line established before an area is populated
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| Balkanization | The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries
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| Buffer State | A relatively small country sandwhiched between two larger powers. Prevents dangerous conflicts.
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| Centrifugal Forces | Forces that tend to divide a country
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| Centripetal Forces | Forces that tend to unite or bind a country together
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| Colonialism | The expansion and perpetuation of an empire
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| Commonwealth of Independant States | Confederacy of independant states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs
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| Compact state | A state that posesses a roughly circular oval or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions
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| Confederation | A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose
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| Domino Theory | The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries starting a chain reaction of collapse
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| East/West Divide | Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia
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| Electoral College | A certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population.
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| Electoral Vote | The decision of a particular state elector that represents the dominant views of that electors state
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| Elongated State | A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape
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| Enclaves | Any small and relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region
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| European Union | International organization comprised of Western European countries to promote free trade among members
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| Exclave | A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state
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| Federalism | A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government
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| Fragmented state | A state that is not a contiguous whole but rather separated parts
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| Frontier | An area where borders are shifting and weak and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land
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| Geometric Boundary | Political Boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines
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| Geopolitics | The study of the interplay between political realations and the territorial context in which they occur
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| Gerrymandering | The designation of voting districts so as to favor a particular political party or candidate
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| Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in teh heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world
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| Imperialism | The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign
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| International Organization | An alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up eithers autonomy or self-determination
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| Landlocked State | A state completely surrounde by the land of other states
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| Law of the Sea | Law estabilishing state's rights and responsibility concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources
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| Lebensraum | Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German People
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| Microstate | A state or territory that is small in both population and area
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| Nation | A tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes
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| Nationalism | A sense of national pride to such an extent as exaulting one nation above all others
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| Nation-state | A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homegeneity and unity
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| North American Free Trade Agreement | Agreement signed on January 1, 1994 that allows the opening of borders between the United States, Mexico, and Canada
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | An international Organization that has joined together for military purposes
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| North/South Divide | The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe, N. America, Japan, and Australia, and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America
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| Organic Theory | The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth maturity and old age
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| Organization of Petoleum Expoting Countries | An international econimic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil
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| Perforated State | A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state
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| Physical Boundary | Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers
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| Political Geography | The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes
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| Popular vote | The tally of each individual's vote within a given geographical area
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| Prorupted State | A state that exhibits a narrow elongated land extension leading away from the main territory
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| Reapportionment | The process of a reallocation of electoral seats to defined territories
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| Rectangular State | A state whose territory is rectangular in shape
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| Redistricting | The drawing of new elcoral boundary lines in response to population changes
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| Relic Boundaries | Old polical boundaries that no longer exist as international borders but that have left and enduring mark on the local culture or environemntal geography
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| Rimaland Theory | Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the costal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest
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| Self-determination | The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously
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| Sovereignty | Supreme or independant political power
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| State | A pollically organized territory that is administered by a sovereugn government and is recognized by the international community
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| State's Rights | Rights and Powers believed to be in the authority of the state rather than the federal government
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| Subsequent Bounaries | Boundary line established after and area has been settled that considers the social and cultural characteristics of the area
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| Superimposed boundaries | Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing culural pattern
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| Supranational Organization | Organization of thee or more states to promote shared objecives
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| Territorial Dispute | Any dispute over land ownership
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| Territorial Orgaization | Political Organization the distrubtes political power in more easiy governed units of land
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| Theocracy | A state whose government is either beilieved to be divinely or a state under the control of a religious group of leaders
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| Unitary State | A state governed constitutionally as a unit without interal divisions or a federalist delegation of powers
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| United Nations | A global supranational oragaization established at the end of WWII to foster international security and cooperation
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| Agglomeration | Grouping together of many firms of the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing labor reserves
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| Ancillary Activities | Economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food service
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| Anthropocentric | Human-centered; refers to ideas that focus solely on the needs of the people in sustainable developement
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| Least-Cost Theory | A concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing facility in relation to the costs of transport and labor, the relative adavantages of agglomeration or deglomeration
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| Least-Developed Countries | Those countries including countries in Africa except South Africa and parts of South America and Asia that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living
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| Manifacturing Region | A region in which manufacturing activities have culstered together
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| MAQUILADORAS | Those US firms that have factories just outside the United STates/Mexican border in areas that have been specially designated by the Mexican government.
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| Net National Product | A measure of all the goods and services produced by a country in a year
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| Nonrenewable resources | Natural Resources that so not replenish themslves in a time frame that is relevant for human consumption
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| Offshore Financial Center | Areas that have been specially designed to promote business transactions and thus have become centers for banking and finance
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| Outsourcing | Sending industrial processes out for external production
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| Periphery | Countries that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living
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| Primary Ecnomic Acitivities | Econimic activities in which natural reources are made avaliable for use or further processes (mining, logging, fishing)
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| Producivity | A measure of the goods and services produced within a particular country
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| Purchasing Power Parity | A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries
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| Quaternary Economic Activities | Economic activities concerned with research information gathering and administration
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| Quinary Ecnomic Activities | The most advanced form of quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research
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| Regionalizaiton | The process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country
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| Renewable resources | Any natural resource that can replenish itslef in a relaively short period of time usually no longer than the length of a human life
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| Rostow's Stages of Development | A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries
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| Rust Belt | The manufacturing region in the United States that is currently debilitated because many manufacturing firms have relocated to countries offering cheaper labor and relaxed environmental regulations
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| Secondary Economic Activities | Economic activities concerned with the processesing of raw materials such a manufacturing, construction, and power generation
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| Semi-periphery | Thos newly indutrialized countries with median standards of living (China, Brazil, India, Chile, Indonesia)
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| Service-Based Economies | Highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunication
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| Slow world | The developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology
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| Spatially Fixed Costs | An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located
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| Spatially Variable Costs | An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place
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| Specialty Goods | Goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individualy or in small quantities
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| Sustainable Development | The idea that people living today should be able to meets their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same
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| Tertiary Economic Activities | Activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services
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| Transnational Corporation | A firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also multinational
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| World Cities | A group of cities that form a interconnected internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce
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| World-Systems Theory | Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration
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| Argibusiness | The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes
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| Agriculture | The art and science of producing food from the land and tending livestock for the purpose of human consumption
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| Animal Husbandry | An agricultural activity assiciated with the raising of domesticated animals such as cattle horses sheep and goats
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| Biotechnology | A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products to make or modify plants and animals or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes
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| Capital-Intensive Agriculture | Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods
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| Commercial agricultural economy | All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling
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| Dairying | An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock most commonly cows and goats for dairy products such as milk cheese and butter
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| Desertification | The process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid unproductive and desert-like
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| Domestication | The conscious manipulation of plant and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves
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| Extensive agriculture | An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area
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| Feedlots | Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing
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| Fertile Cresent | Area located in the cresent-shaped zone near the southwestern Mediterranean coast which was once a lush environment and one of the first hearths of domestication and thus agricultural activity
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| Genetically Modified | Foods that are mostly products of organisms that have had their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes
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| Green Revolution | The development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increaed technology
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| Hunting and Gathering | The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits roots nuts and other plants for sustinence
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| Industrial Revolution | The rapid economic changes that occured in agriculture and manufacturing in England in the ladn 18th century and that rapidly spread to other parts of the developed world
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| Intensive Cultivation | Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficent use of labor on small plots land to maximize crop yield
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| Labor-intensive agriculture | Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful
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| Livestock Ranching | An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West
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| Mechanization | In agriculture the replacement of human labor with technology or machines
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| Mediterranean Agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of chile and Australia in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes avocados and olives comprise profitable agricultural operations
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| Pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter
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| Pesticides | Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals
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| Planned Agricultural Economy | An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution
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| Plantation | A large frequnently foreign-owned piece of agricultural land dedicated to the production of a single export crop
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| Salinization | Process that occurs when soils in arid areas brought under cultivation through irrigation.
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| Shifting Cultivation | The use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost.
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| Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | System of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground and then ignited.
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| Specialty Crops | Crops including items like peanuts and pineapples which are produced usually in developing coutries for export
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| Subsistence agricultural economy | Any farm economy in which most crops are grown for nearly exclusive family consumption
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| Swidden | Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method
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| Topsoil Loss | Loss of the top fertile layer of soil is lost through erosion
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| Transhumance | The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns generally lowlands areas in the winter and highland areas in the summer
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| Urban Sprawl | The process of urban areas expanding outwards usually in the forms of suburbs and developing over fertile agricultural land
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| von Thunen Model | An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent.
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| Action Space | The geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis
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| Beaux Arts | This movement within city planning and urban design that stressed the marriage of older classical forms with newer industrial ones
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| Central Business District | The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores offices and cultural activities are concentrated
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| Central place Theory | A theory formulated by Walter Chistaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations
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| City Beautiful Movement | Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school.
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| Colonial City | Cities established by colonizing empires as admistrative centers
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| Concentric Zone Model | Model that describes urban environment as a series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from a central core or central busines district
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| Edge City | Cities that are located on the outskirts or larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas but in a sprawling decentralized subruban environment
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| European Cities | Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme density of development with narrow buldings and winding streets and ornate church that prominently marks the center
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| Exurbanite | Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas
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| Feudal City | Cities that arose during the Middle Ages and that actually represent a time of relaive stagnation in urban growth
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| Gateway City | Cities that because of their geographic location act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas
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| Gentrification | The trend of middle and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations and changing he social character of certain neighborhoods
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| Ghettoization | A process occuring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs adn resources
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| Hinterland | The market area surrouning an urban center which that urban center serves
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| Inner city Decay | Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs
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| Islamic cities | Cities in muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs
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| Latin American Cities | Cities in Latin America that owe their structure to colonialism the rapid rise of industrialization and continual rapid increases in population
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| Megacities | Cities mostly characteritic of the developing world where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since WWII
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| Megalopolis | Several Metroplitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large sprawling urban complex
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| Metropolitan Area | Within the United States an urban area consisting of one or more whole county units usually containing several urbanized areas that all act together as a coherent economic whole
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| Modern Agriculture | Point of view wherein cities and buildings are supposed to act like well-oiled machines with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs
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| Multiple nuclei Model | Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of busines and cultural activity instead of one central place
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| Node | Geographical centers of activity
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| Postmodern Architecture | A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture
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| Primate City | A country's leading city with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country
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| Rank-size Rule | Rule that states that the population of any given town should be inversley proportional to its rank in the country' heirarchy when the ditribution of cities according to their size follows a pattern
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| Sector Model | A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge shaped sectors radiating out from the center along transporation corridors
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| Segregation | The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous subeuban neighborhoods
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| Squatter Settlements | Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants
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| Suburb | Residential communities located outside of city centers that are usually relatively homogeneous in population
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| Urban Growth Boundary | Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city
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| Urban Morphology | The physical form of a city or urban region
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| Urban Revitalization | The process occuring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts entertainment venues and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities
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