All vocab terms for units 1-4 in Barron's
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| Anthropogenic | Human-induced changes on the natural environment
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| Cartography | Theory and practice of making visual representations of the earth's surface in the form of maps
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| Cultural Ecology | The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in
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| Cultural Landscape | The human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a partcular culture or society
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| Earth System Science | Systematic approach to physical geography that looks at the interaction between the earth's physical systems and processes on a gobal scale
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| Environmental Geography | The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment
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| Eratosthenes | The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumfrence. He is also credited with coining the term geography
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| Fertile Cresent | Name given to cresent-shaped area of fertile land streching from the lower nile valley, along the Mediterranean coast, and into Sybia and present-day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C.
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| Geographical Information Systems | A set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographical area
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| Global Positioning System | A set of satellites used to help determine location andywhere on the earth's surface with a portable electronic device
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| Idiographic | Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place
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| George Perkins Marsh | Inventor, diplomat, ploitician, and scholar, his classic work, MAN AND NATURE, OR PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AS MODIFIED BY HUMAN ACTION, provided the first descriptions of the extent to which natural systems ha been impacted by human actions
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| Natural Landscape | The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
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| Nomothetic | Concepts or rules that can be applied universally
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| W.D. Pattison | He claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition
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| Physical geography | The realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface
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| Ptolemy | Roman geographer-astronomer and author of GUIDE TO GEOGRAPHY which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude
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| Qualitative data | Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography. often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives
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| Quantiative Data | Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association
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| Quantitative Revolution | A period in Human Geography asociated with the wide-spread adoption of mathematical models and statistical techniques
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| Region | A territory and encompasses many places that share similar attributes in comparison with the attributes of places elsewhere
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| Regional Geography | The study of geograohic regions
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| Remote Sensing | Observation and mathematical measurement of the earth's surface using aircraft and satellites. The sensors include both photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images
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| Carl Sauer | Geographer from the University of California at Berkeley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis. This landscape results from interaction between humans and the physical environment.
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| Sense of Place | Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a paricular place
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| Spatial Perspective | An intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is where it is, and, finally, how it spatially related to the phenomena in other places
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| Sustainability | The concept of using the earth's resources in such a way that they provide for people's needs in the present without diminishing the earth's ability to provide for future generations
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| Systematic Geography | The study of the earth's integrated systems as a whole, instead of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place
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| Thematic Layers | Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a Geographical Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship
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| Absolute Distance | The distance that can be measured with standard unit of length such as a mile or kilometer
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| Absolute Location | The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system
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| Accessibility | The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
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| Azimuthal Projection | A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface
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| Breaking point | The outer edges of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supply
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| Cartograms | A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the relative area
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| Choropleth Map | A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
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| Cognitive Map | An image of a portion of the earth's surface that an individual creates in his or her mind.
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| Complementarity | The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions
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| Connectivity | The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
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| Contagious Diffusion | The spread of a disease, innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place
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| Coordinate System | A standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on the earth's surface
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| Distance Decay Effect | The decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases
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| Dot maps | Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurences, such as crimes, car accidents, or birth
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| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of ideas, innovation, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange
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| Friction of Distance | A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places
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| Fuller Projection | A type of map projection that maintains the acurate size and shape and landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions no longer have any meaning
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| Geoid | The actual shape of the earth, which is rough and obulate, or slightly squashed
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| Gravity Model | A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other
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| Hazards | Anything in the landscape, real or percieved, that is potentially threatening
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| Hierarchial Diffusion | A type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common
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| International Date Line | The line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, on the 180th meridian
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| Intervening Opportunities | The idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, then the closer of the two suppliers to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity.
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| Isoline | Map line that connects point of equal or very similar values
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| Large-Scale | A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Higher resolution
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| Latitude | The angular distance north or south of the equator defined by lines of latitude or parallels
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| Law of Retail Gravitation | Law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlands that surround them
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| Location Charts | On a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information of a particular political unit or jurisdiction
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| Longitude | The angular distance east or west of the equator. Meridians
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| Map Projection | A mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface
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| Mercator Projection | A true conformal cylindrical map projection. Useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction
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| Meridian | A line of longitude that runs north-south.
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| Parallel | An east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south
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| Peters Map Projection | A cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain the accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses
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| Prefernce Map | A map that displays individual preferences for certain places
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| Prime Meridian | An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, which marks the 0 degree line of longitude
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| Proportional Symbols Map | A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographical location
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| Reference Map | A map type that shows reference information for a particular place making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigating
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| Relaive Distance | A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places
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| Relative location | The position of a place relative to place around it
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| Relocation diffusion | The diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and the like from one place to another through migration
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| Resolution | A map's smallest discernable unit.
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| Robinson Projection | Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors
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| Scale | The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface
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| Site | The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics
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| Situation | The relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system
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| Small-scale | Map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on the earth is quite small
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| Spatial Diffusion | Refers to the way in which phenomena travel over space
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| Stimulus Diffusion | When a trait of one culture prompts invention or innovation in another
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| Thematic map | A type of map that displys one or more variables within a specific area
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| Time-space convergence | The idea that distance between some places is acutally shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places
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| Topographic maps | Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations.
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| Topological space | The amount of connectivity between places regardless of the absolute distance separating them
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| Transferability | The costs invovled in moving goods from one place to another
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| Visualization | Use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three-dimensional or interactive
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| Age-sex Distribution | A model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
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| Arithmetic Density | The number of people living in a given unit area
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| Baby Boom | A cohort of individuals born during 1946 and 1964 which was just after WWII in time of relative peace a prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility
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| Baby Bust | Period during the 1960s and 70s when fertility rates dropped as large numbers of women sought higher levels of education and more competetive jobs causing them to marry later in life
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| Carrying Capacity | The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support
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| Census Tract | Small county subdivisions delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions
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| Chain Migration | The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community
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| Child Mortality Rate | Number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life
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| Cohort | A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and consequently treated as a statistical unit
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| Cotton Belt | The term by which the American South used to be known as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region
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| Crude Birth Rate | The number of live births per year per 1000 people
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| Crude Death Rate | The number of deaths per year per 1000 people
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| Demographic Accounting Equation | An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration
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| Demographic Transition Model | A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
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| Demography | The study of human populations including their temporal and spatial dynamics
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| Dependancy ratio | The ratio of the number of people who are either too old or too young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor
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| Doubling Time | Time period required for a population experiencing exponential growth to double in size completely
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| Emigration | The process of moving out of a particular country usually the individusl's country of origin
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| Exponential Growth | Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year
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| Forced Migration | The migration event in which individual's are forced to leave a country against their will
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| Generation X | A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the united states between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years
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| Immigration | The process of individuals moving into a new country with the intention of remaining there
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| Infant Mortality Rate | The percentage of children who dies before their first birth day
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| Internal Migration | The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within an area or country
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| Intervening obstacles | Any forces or factors that may limit human migration
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| Life expectancy | The average age individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races
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| Thomas Malthus | Author of the ESSAY ON POPULATION who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while while food production increases arithmetically
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| Maternal Mortality Rate | Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth
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| Migration | A long term move of person from one political jursudiction to another
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| Natural Increase Rate | The difference between the numer of births and number of deaths within a community
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| Neo-Malthusian | Advocacy of popluation control programs to ensure enoguh resources for current and future populations
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| Overpopulation | A value judgement based on the notion that the resources of a particular area that are not great enough to support that area's current population
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| Physiologic Density | A ratio of human population to the area or cropland used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agricultre
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| Population Density | A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area
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| Population Geography | A division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population
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| Population Pyramid | A model used in population geography to show the average age and sex distribution of a population
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| Pull Factors | Attractions that draw migrants to a certain place
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| Push Factors | Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place
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| Refugees | People who leave their home because they are forced out but not becaused they are being officially relocated or enslaved
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| Rust Belt | The northern part of the united states including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity
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| Sun Belt | US reguion mostly conprised of southeastern and southwestern states which had grown more dramatically since WWII
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| Total Fertility Rate | The average number of children born to a woman during her child-bearing years
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| Voluntary Migration | Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area
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| Zero Population Growth | Proposal to end population growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family planning programs
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| Acculturation | The adoption of cultural traits such as language by one group under the influence of another
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| Animism | Most prevalent in Africa and the Americas doctrine in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers
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| Buddhism | System of belief that seeks to explain ultimate realities for all people such as the nature of suffering and the path toward self-realization
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| Caste System | System in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth
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| Christianity | The world's most widespread religion. A monotheistic universal religion that uses missionaries to expand its members worldwide
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| Creole | A pidgin language that evoles to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it
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| Cultural Complex | The group of traits that define a particular culture
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| Cultural Extinction | Obliteration of an entire culture by war, disease, acculturation, or a combination of the three
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| Cultural Geography | The subfield of human geography that looks at how cultures vary over space
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| Cultural Hearth | Locations on the earth's surface where specific cultures first arose
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| Cultural Imperialism | The dominance of one culture over another
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| Cultural Trait | The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture such as language religion ethinicity social institutions and aspects of popular culture
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| Culture | A total way of life held in common by a group of people including learned features such as language ideology behavior technology and government
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| Custom | Pratices followed by the people of a particular cultural group
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| Denomination | A particular religious group usually associated with differing Protestant belief systems
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| Dialect | Geographically distinct versions of a single language that varys somewhat from the parent form
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| Diaspora | People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity
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| Ecumene | The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans
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| Environmental Determinism | A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions
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| Esperanto | A constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of numerous linguistic traditions to create a universal means of communication
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| Ethnic Cleansing | The systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethinicity from a country or region either by forced migration or genocide
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| Ethinic Neighborhood | An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
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| Ethinic Religion | Religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts
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| Ethnicity | Refers to a group of people who share a common identity
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| Evangelical Religions | Religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system
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| Folk Culture | Refers to constellation of cultural practices that form the sights. smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed
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| Fundamentalism | The strict adherence to a particular doctrine
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| Genocide | A premediated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group
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| Ghetto | A segregated ethnic area within a city
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| Global Religion | Religion in which members are numerous and widesread and their doctrines might appeal to different people from and region around the globe
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| Hinduism | A cohesive and unique society most prevalent in India that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system
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| Indo-European Family | Language family including the Germanic and Romance Languages that is spoken by about 50% of the world's people
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| Islam | A monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God, Allah, and that Muhammad was Allah's profit.
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| Isoglosses | Geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet
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| Judaism | The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity and its adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live
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| Language Extinction | This occurs when a language is no longer in use by any living people
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| Language family | A collection of many languages all of which came from the same original tongue long ago thaat have since evolved different characteristics
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| Language group | A set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics
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| Lingua Franca | an extermely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other more complex languages usually used for quick and efficent communication
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| Literacy | The ability to read and write
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| Local religion | Religions that are spiritually bound to particular regions
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| Minority | A racial or ethnic group smaller than and differing from the majority race or ethnic group in a particular area or region
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| Missionary | A person of a particular faith that travels in order to recruit new members into the faith represented
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| Monotheism | The woship of only one God
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| Multicultural | Having to do with many cultures
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| Offical Language | Language in which all government business occurs in a country
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| Pidgin | Language that may develop when two groups of people with differing language meet
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| Pilgrimage | A journey to a place of religious importance
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| Polygot | A multilingual state
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| Polytheism | The worship of more than one god
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| Pop(popular) Culture | Dynamic culture based in large heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individulaism, innovation, and change.
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| Race | A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns, or genetically inherited characteristics
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| Romance Language | Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian
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| Shaman | The single person who takes on the roles of priest counselor and physician and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture
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| Sino-Tibetan Family | Language area that spreads through most the Southeast Asia and China and is comprised of Chinese Japanese Burmese Tibetan and Korean
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| Syncretic | Traditions that borrow from both the past and present
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| Toponym | Place names given to certain features on the land such as settlements terrain features and streams
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| Transculturation | A cohesive collection of cultural traits through diffusion adoption and other related processes
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| Universalizing Religion | Religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe
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